20 Questions
What is the most numerous type of hormone?
Peptide hormones
How do steroids and thyroid hormones primarily act?
They diffuse freely through the cell membrane and act intracellularly
How do peptide and amine hormones primarily mediate their effects?
Through G-protein coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases
What is the basis for conferring specificity in several peptide hormones?
Distinctive β-chains arising from duplications of a common ancestral gene
What is the main mechanism by which peptide hormones are synthesized and processed?
Specific processing by intracellular proteases
In what form are hormone precursors typically found?
Inactive
How do elevated levels of circulating glucose affect the translation of insulin mRNA?
Stimulate its translation
Which hormones may be derived from the same initial precursor depending on specific processing steps in a given cell type?
Peptide and amine hormones
What is the main mechanism controlling synthesis of peptide hormones and hormone receptors?
Transcriptional control in the cell
How does thyroid hormone directly suppress TSH expression?
By binding motifs for nuclear receptors
Which type of hormones predominantly act at the cell surface?
Peptide hormones
What is the distinguishing feature of steroids and thyroid hormones in terms of their sites of action?
They can freely diffuse through the cell membrane
What is the common characteristic of heterodimeric peptide hormones?
They share a common β chain
How do the number and diversity of hormones change as one moves from simple to higher life forms?
They increase due to added challenges in providing for homeostasis
What is the primary means of regulating hormone synthesis for amine and steroid hormones?
Regulating enzyme production
How are multiple hormones derived from the same initial precursor in some cases?
By specific processing steps in a given cell type
In what form are the hormone precursors typically found?
Inactive
How does elevated levels of circulating glucose affect the translation of insulin mRNA?
Increasing interaction with specific RNA-binding proteins
What is the main mechanism controlling synthesis of peptide hormones and hormone receptors?
Transcriptional control
How do peptide and amine hormones primarily mediate their effects?
By directly binding to DNA
Learn about the classification of hormones into steroids, amines, and peptides, and how peptide hormones are the most numerous. Explore the structural similarities and receptor activation of hormone families, and understand the increasing diversity of hormones in more complex organisms.
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