chapter 38 exam 1 soukup endocrine

<p>Through capillaries in the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Also used to regulate hormone synthesis and release  These systems reinforce (or increase) changes that occurred  Generally control infrequent conditions – ovulation, childbirth, blood clotting  Release of the hormone causes an action which stimulates more of its own release...........(example):...Hypothalamus orders posterior pituitary to secrete oxytocin  Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions  Contractions stimulates more oxytocin and more contractions until a baby is born!</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>targets the thyroid gland by stimulating the thyroid to secrete thyroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ACTH(adrenocorticotropic hormone)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>FSH(follicle-stimulating hormone)Stimulates secretion of estrogen and the development of ova in women and sperm development in men (control of reproductive function</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ADH(antidiuertic hormone or vasopressin) that targets the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GH(growth hormone) promotes growth indirectly acting on liver, adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>LH(lutenizing hormone) for OVULATION</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Produces regulatory hormones, which are either:  Releasing hormones  Inhibiting hormones  Function of regulatory hormones is to either stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulated by hypothalamus  Contains tropic hormones  Hormones that send messages to other endocrine glands to release their hormones  Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)  Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)  Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)  Luteinizing Hormone (LH)  Other two hormones in this gland act directly on final target tissues  Growth Hormone  Prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extension of the hypothalamus  Does not synthesize hormones  Hormones produced in the hypothalamus  The posterior pituitary gland stores and releases hormones  Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)  Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibit breakdown of bones for calcium and phosphate(Lowers serum blood levels &amp; retains calcium/phosphate in the bones – Stimulated when serum calcium levels are too high)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anterior to the trachea, consists of two lobes  Produces three hormones:  Triiodothyronine (T3)  T3 is stronger  Thyroxine (T4)  Calcitonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>increase cellular respiration of glucose and fatty acids – Increases metabolic rate (energy &amp; heat production) ■ Example: in cold temperatures, more thyroid hormones released to increase heat production – Thyroid Hormones are essential for life! ■ Essential for physical growth, mental development, &amp; reproductive maturation – Stimulated by TSH from the anterior pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Four glands that sit on the thyroid gland  Produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)  Parathyroid hormone raises serum calcium levels &amp; lowers phosphate levels  Pulls calcium that is stored in bones  Encourages the small intestine to absorb more calcium  Encourages the kidneys to reabsorb more calcium  Antagonist to calcitonin  Target organs of PTH include  Bones  Small intestine  Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adrenal medulla--Releases catecholamines  Epinephrine &amp; Norepinephrine  When released from adrenal medulla, these catecholamines act as hormones, not neurotransmitters  Released during stress to manage the body’s stress response  Increase HR, BP, glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Key Hormone: Aldosterone  Target organ: Kidneys  Increases reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortisol-----Glucocorticoids  Key Hormone: Cortisol  Target tissue: Many  Provides energy sources to the body &amp; ensures glucose is made available for the brain  Increased during body’s response to stress – the body requires more energy for stress induced changes  Has an anti-inflammatory effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Key Hormones: Sex steroids (Androgens, estrogen)  Contribute to libido  Contribute to sexual and reproductive function</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delta Cells: Secretes somatostatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesized and secreted by beta cells  Released by the pancreas when serum glucose levels rise  Insulin is the key to unlock the cells, once unlocked glucose can travel inside the cells &amp; be used for energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adrenal Cortex MNEMONIC: “MAKE GOOD SWEETS” Saying: “Salt, Sex &amp; Sugar” • Mineralocorticoids • Glucocorticoids • Sex hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MNEMONIC: “MEN” •Medulla •Epinephrine •Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucagon  Synthesized and secreted by alpha cells  Released by the pancreas when serum glucose levels are low  Glucagon stimulates the liver to turn glycogen into glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland  Exocrine gland function includes release amylase &amp; lipase for digestion assistance  As endocrine gland, the pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon for glucose homeostasis  Also secretes somatostatin- blocks the production of insulin and glucagon to help regulate blood sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells within the pancreas include:  Alpha Cells: Secretes Glucagon  Beta Cells: Secretes Insulin  Delta Cells: Secretes somatostatin  These cells live within a section of the pancreas called the “islet of Langerhans”</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abnormality in the endocrine gland itself-----------Causes:  Overproduction of the hormone  Underproduction of the hormone  Side effects of certain drugs.....................................................Secondary Disorder  Something wrong with a different gland/organ  affects endocrine gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Health history  Neuromuscular  Weight change  Excessive thirst or urination  Heat or cold tolerance  Mood and memory  Family history</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vital signs  Height &amp; Weight  Skin &amp; hair changes  Tremor  Mood &amp; Affect  Exophthalmos  Moon face  Fat pads/Buffalo Hump  Thyroid size</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>decrease growth hormone, decrease tsh and thyroid hormone, decrease insulin secretion, decrease msuclemass and increas in fat, decrease metabolic rate, decrease glucose tolerance but not diabetes, decrease in energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The thyroid gland is the only gland of the endocrine system that can be palpated  Usually palpated by a NP or physician  Nurse may assist with positioning, giving patient sip of water  If a patient has a suspected thyroid issue, the provider must take extra precaution when palpating because it can release additional hormone &amp; exacerbate symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary disorder affects the gland itself, while secondary disorder affects a different gland or organ.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p> Parathyroid hormone (PTH)  Calcium  Phosphorus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth hormone (GH)  Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)  Urine specific gravity  Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortisol  24-hour urine for vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)  Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fasting blood glucose  Oral glucose tolerance  Glycosylated hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Help to determine endocrine gland function  A substance is injected into the body to stimulate a gland  Hormone that is secreted by that gland is measured in the blood to determine how well it responded to the initial stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determine presence of nodules or tumors  Radioactive material injected or radioactive iodine is taken orally.  Assess for shellfish allergy  Material taken up by thyroid  After specified time—the thyroid gland is scanned with a scintillation camera  Scan will show hot spots and possibly cold spots  Educate patients that small amount of radioactive material used—no risk to patient – no special radiation precautions are needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Done to locate tumor or identify hypertrophy of gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid or parathyroid glands—to determine if enlarged or to find masses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To obtain tissue to examine for possible cancerous cells........................................and a supression tests Opposite of stimulating tests  Substance injected  Expected to suppress hormone’s release</p> Signup and view all the answers