chapter 38 exam 1 soukup endocrine

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What is the main purpose of hormones secreted within the body to maintain homeostasis?

To stimulate hair growth
To regulate blood pressure
 Fluid balance  Metabolism, energy balance  Growth & development  Contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle  Reproduction  Circadian rhythms........................................Hormones are secreted in response to a stimulus and travel through the blood to target cells  Target cells have receptors for that specific hormone  Hormone binds on or within the target cell (correct)
To improve memory function

In the 'Lock & Key' system of hormones and receptors, what does the hormone represent?

The lock
The chain
Hormones flow through capillaries  Travel everywhere in body  “Lock & Key” system used when hormone needed  Hormone – Key  Target Cell (Receptor Site) – Lock  Receptor site is specific for one hormone (correct)
The door

What is the role of negative feedback in the endocrine system?

Body condition moves away from normal range  Specific hormone stimulated - starts chain of events to return body to normal  Once need is met and body condition normalized, secretion of the hormone will cease (correct)
To increase hormone secretion indefinitely
To prevent hormone binding to target cells
To regulate body temperature

How do hormones travel to reach their target cells in the body?

Through capillaries in the bloodstream (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the mechanisms of the positive feedback loops?

Also used to regulate hormone synthesis and release  These systems reinforce (or increase) changes that occurred  Generally control infrequent conditions – ovulation, childbirth, blood clotting  Release of the hormone causes an action which stimulates more of its own release...........(example):...Hypothalamus orders posterior pituitary to secrete oxytocin  Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions  Contractions stimulates more oxytocin and more contractions until a baby is born! (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the TSH(thyroid stimulating hormone) found in anterior pituitary gland?

targets the thyroid gland by stimulating the thyroid to secrete thyroid hormones (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone directly stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids? (found in anterior pituitary gland)

ACTH(adrenocorticotropic hormone) (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone STIMULATES secretion of estrogen and sperm development in both men and women? ( found in anterior pituitary gland)

FSH(follicle-stimulating hormone)Stimulates secretion of estrogen and the development of ova in women and sperm development in men (control of reproductive function (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone regulates fluid volume by stimulating reabsorption of water in the kidneys? ((conservation of water in body)

ADH(antidiuertic hormone or vasopressin) that targets the kidneys (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone promotes growth indirectly by acting on the liver and adipose tissue?

GH(growth hormone) promotes growth indirectly acting on liver, adipose tissue (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones in the anterior pituitary gland act on the ovary and testis to Stimulates ovulation in women and secretion of sex hormones in both men and women (control of reproductive function)

LH(lutenizing hormone) for OVULATION (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the hormone responsible for stimulating the mammary glands causing milk production? (anterior pituitary gland)

Prolactin (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is found in the posterior pituitary gland that acts on the ovary and testis stimulating ejection of milk into mammary ducts and uterine contractions?

oxytocin (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the hypothalamus do?

Produces regulatory hormones, which are either:  Releasing hormones  Inhibiting hormones  Function of regulatory hormones is to either stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the anterior pituitary gland do

Regulated by hypothalamus  Contains tropic hormones  Hormones that send messages to other endocrine glands to release their hormones  Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)  Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)  Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)  Luteinizing Hormone (LH)  Other two hormones in this gland act directly on final target tissues  Growth Hormone  Prolactin (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the posterior pituitary gland do

Extension of the hypothalamus  Does not synthesize hormones  Hormones produced in the hypothalamus  The posterior pituitary gland stores and releases hormones  Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)  Oxytocin (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of calcitonin in the body?

Inhibit breakdown of bones for calcium and phosphate(Lowers serum blood levels & retains calcium/phosphate in the bones – Stimulated when serum calcium levels are too high) (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the thyroid gland do and consist of?

Anterior to the trachea, consists of two lobes  Produces three hormones:  Triiodothyronine (T3)  T3 is stronger  Thyroxine (T4)  Calcitonin (A) Signup and view all the answers

What do t3 and t4 do in the body?

increase cellular respiration of glucose and fatty acids – Increases metabolic rate (energy & heat production) ■ Example: in cold temperatures, more thyroid hormones released to increase heat production – Thyroid Hormones are essential for life! ■ Essential for physical growth, mental development, & reproductive maturation – Stimulated by TSH from the anterior pituitary gland (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) in the body?

Four glands that sit on the thyroid gland  Produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)  Parathyroid hormone raises serum calcium levels & lowers phosphate levels  Pulls calcium that is stored in bones  Encourages the small intestine to absorb more calcium  Encourages the kidneys to reabsorb more calcium  Antagonist to calcitonin  Target organs of PTH include  Bones  Small intestine  Kidneys (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which gland releases catecholamines like Epinephrine & Norepinephrine during stress?

Adrenal medulla--Releases catecholamines  Epinephrine & Norepinephrine  When released from adrenal medulla, these catecholamines act as hormones, not neurotransmitters  Released during stress to manage the body’s stress response  Increase HR, BP, glucose levels (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids in the body? found in adrenal cortex

Key Hormone: Aldosterone  Target organ: Kidneys  Increases reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone plays a role in providing energy sources to the body and ensuring glucose availability for the brain? found in adrenal cortex

Cortisol-----Glucocorticoids  Key Hormone: Cortisol  Target tissue: Many  Provides energy sources to the body & ensures glucose is made available for the brain  Increased during body’s response to stress – the body requires more energy for stress induced changes  Has an anti-inflammatory effect (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are gonadocorticoid in the adrenal cortex

Key Hormones: Sex steroids (Androgens, estrogen)  Contribute to libido  Contribute to sexual and reproductive function (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which cells within the pancreas secrete somatostatin?

Delta Cells: Secretes somatostatin (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key role of insulin in the body?

Synthesized and secreted by beta cells  Released by the pancreas when serum glucose levels rise  Insulin is the key to unlock the cells, once unlocked glucose can travel inside the cells & be used for energy (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mnemonic for adrenal cortex

Adrenal Cortex MNEMONIC: “MAKE GOOD SWEETS” Saying: “Salt, Sex & Sugar” • Mineralocorticoids • Glucocorticoids • Sex hormone (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mneominc for adrenal medulla

MNEMONIC: “MEN” •Medulla •Epinephrine •Norepinephrine (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key role of glucagon in the body?

Glucagon  Synthesized and secreted by alpha cells  Released by the pancreas when serum glucose levels are low  Glucagon stimulates the liver to turn glycogen into glucose (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the pancreas

Both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland  Exocrine gland function includes release amylase & lipase for digestion assistance  As endocrine gland, the pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon for glucose homeostasis  Also secretes somatostatin- blocks the production of insulin and glucagon to help regulate blood sugar (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are cells within the pancreas

Cells within the pancreas include:  Alpha Cells: Secretes Glucagon  Beta Cells: Secretes Insulin  Delta Cells: Secretes somatostatin  These cells live within a section of the pancreas called the “islet of Langerhans” (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary endocrine disorder characterized by?

Abnormality in the endocrine gland itself-----------Causes:  Overproduction of the hormone  Underproduction of the hormone  Side effects of certain drugs.....................................................Secondary Disorder  Something wrong with a different gland/organ  affects endocrine gland (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are subjective nursing assessments for people with endocrine disorders

Health history  Neuromuscular  Weight change  Excessive thirst or urination  Heat or cold tolerance  Mood and memory  Family history (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are physical assessments for endocrine disorders

Vital signs  Height & Weight  Skin & hair changes  Tremor  Mood & Affect  Exophthalmos  Moon face  Fat pads/Buffalo Hump  Thyroid size (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are effects of aging on the endocrine system

decrease growth hormone, decrease tsh and thyroid hormone, decrease insulin secretion, decrease msuclemass and increas in fat, decrease metabolic rate, decrease glucose tolerance but not diabetes, decrease in energy (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is thyroid palpation?

The thyroid gland is the only gland of the endocrine system that can be palpated  Usually palpated by a NP or physician  Nurse may assist with positioning, giving patient sip of water  If a patient has a suspected thyroid issue, the provider must take extra precaution when palpating because it can release additional hormone & exacerbate symptoms (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a primary endocrine disorder and a secondary endocrine disorder?

Primary disorder affects the gland itself, while secondary disorder affects a different gland or organ. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are parathyroid tests

 Parathyroid hormone (PTH)  Calcium  Phosphorus (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are pituitary tests

Growth hormone (GH)  Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)  Urine specific gravity  Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are adrenal lab tests

Cortisol  24-hour urine for vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)  Aldosterone (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are pancreatic function tests(diabtes mellitus)

Fasting blood glucose  Oral glucose tolerance  Glycosylated hemoglobin (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the stimulation tests

Help to determine endocrine gland function  A substance is injected into the body to stimulate a gland  Hormone that is secreted by that gland is measured in the blood to determine how well it responded to the initial stimulation (D) Signup and view all the answers

During a thyroid scan, what is the purpose of assessing for shellfish allergy?

Determine presence of nodules or tumors  Radioactive material injected or radioactive iodine is taken orally.  Assess for shellfish allergy  Material taken up by thyroid  After specified time—the thyroid gland is scanned with a scintillation camera  Scan will show hot spots and possibly cold spots  Educate patients that small amount of radioactive material used—no risk to patient – no special radiation precautions are needed (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a CT scan or MRI in endocrine diagnostic tests?

Done to locate tumor or identify hypertrophy of gland (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of ultrasound tests

Thyroid or parathyroid glands—to determine if enlarged or to find masses (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a biopsy in endocrine diagnostics?

To obtain tissue to examine for possible cancerous cells........................................and a supression tests Opposite of stimulating tests  Substance injected  Expected to suppress hormone’s release (D) Signup and view all the answers