28 Questions
Which structure secretes tears?
Lacrimal gland
What does an increase in IOP cause?
Damage to retina and blindness
What is the coloured part of the eye?
Iris
Which of the following are the visual receptors?
Rod and cone cells
Which part of the ear is responsible for balance?
Semicircular canals
Which substance is most associated with bile?
Bile
Which organ produces bile?
Liver
What condition is caused by the obstruction of the common bile duct?
Jaundice
Which term is related to the slowing or stoppage of gastrointestinal motility?
Paralytic ileus
Which part of the digestive system includes the fundus, body, and pylorus?
Stomach
Which of the following hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland?
T3, T4 and calcitonin
What is caused by a deficiency of insulin?
Hyperglycaemia
Which gland secretes melatonin?
Pineal gland
What best describes the chewing of food?
Mechanical digestion
Which organ detoxifies drugs, stores vitamins, and synthesizes clotting factors?
Liver
What are redness, heat, swelling, and pain indicative of?
Inflammation
Which cells engulf the pathogen to achieve antigen presentation?
Macrophages
Which type of T cells destroy pathogens by punching holes in their cell membranes?
Killer T cells
HIV is most common in people with which condition?
AIDS
What term describes the process of using dead pathogens to stimulate antibody production?
Vaccination
Which organ removes worn out blood cells from circulation?
Spleen
The right arm may become oedematous if what are removed from the right axillary region?
Lymphatic vessels and nodes
What is the term used for removal of palatine tonsils?
Tonsillectomy
Which structure is related to the processing and maturation of T lymphocytes?
Thymus gland
A lacteal is located within the:
Intestinal villus
Lymph nodes are populated with which cells?
Lymphocytes and macrophages
What absorbs tissue fluid and transports it toward the heart?
Lymphatic capillaries
What type of immunity is provided by B and T cells?
Specific immunity
Study Notes
Hormones and Immunity
- Thyroid hormones: T3, T4, and calcitonin, secreted by the thyroid gland.
- Sex hormones: estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone, secreted by the gonad.
- Parathyroid hormone and calcium control plasma levels of calcium.
- Insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose levels, secreted by the pancreas.
- Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland.
- Mineralocorticoid: aldosterone helps regulate salt and water balance.
- Acute adrenal insufficiency occurs due to sudden withdrawal of cortisol.
Immunity
- Nonspecific immunity: provides immediate defense against infection, first line of defense.
- Specific immunity: provides long-term protection against specific pathogens, involves immune memory.
- Infection/inflammation: characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
- Macrophages engulf pathogens to achieve antigen presentation.
- Killer T cells destroy pathogens by punching holes in their cell membranes.
- Memory T cells remember antigens for future presentation.
- HIV is common in people with AIDS.
- Vaccination: uses dead pathogens to stimulate antibody production.
- Antipyretic drug lowers fever.
- Interferons: a group of proteins secreted by virally infected cells.
Anatomy
- Lower oesophageal structure prevents gastric reflux.
- Nociceptor detects pain.
- Olfaction refers to the sense of smell.
- Taste buds are related to the gustatory sensation.
- Iris is the colored part of the eye.
- Lacrimal gland secretes tears.
- IOP increase causes damage to the retina and blindness.
- Cataract: a cloudy lens.
- Semicircular canals and cochlea are located in the inner ear.
- Ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes.
- Eustachian tube connects the pharynx and middle ear.
- Tympanic membrane separates the outer ear from the middle ear.
- Semicircular canals are concerned with balance.
Other
- Goitre: enlargement of the thyroid gland.
- Hyperglycaemia: caused by a deficiency of insulin.
- Jaundice: caused by obstruction of the common bile duct.
- Paralytic ileus: slowing or stoppage of gastrointestinal motility.
- Microvilli: related to absorption.
- Cellulose: a dietary fiber that cannot be digested by humans.
- Liver: detoxifies drugs, stores vitamins, and synthesizes clotting factors.
- Duodenum and jejunum: site of absorption for most end products of digestion.
This quiz covers the different types of hormones in the human body, including thyroid hormones, sex hormones, and more. Learn about their functions and roles in regulating various bodily processes.
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