Cardiomyocytes release substances acting as hormones
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) controls body growth
Myostatin modulates muscle mass
Both hormones are increased in coronary heart disease (CHD) and HF
Other factors released from the heart contribute to regulate myocyte growth and vascular remodelling
GDF-15 and follistatin reduce ischaemia/reperfusion injury and pressure overload-induced hypertrophy
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) decrease cardiac fatty acid oxidation and inhibit excessive autophagy
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) and activin-A promote cardiomyocyte survival
Soluble suppression of tumourigenesis-2 and FGFs prevent cardiac fibrosis
These substances mainly exert autocrine/paracrine functions.

Test your knowledge on the various hormones and factors released by cardiomyocytes and their role in regulating heart health. From GDF-15 and myostatin to fibroblast growth factors and endothelin-1, this quiz covers it all. Learn about autocrine/paracrine functions and the contribution of these substances to cardiac fatty acid oxidation, vascular remodeling, and more. Challenge yourself with this informative quiz and discover how these substances can impact heart health.