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Questions and Answers
Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for stimulating the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
What stimulates aldosterone secretion in the body?
What is the primary function of endogenous glucocorticoids such as cortisol?
Which hormone inhibits the release of growth hormone?
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What is the role of negative feedback in the regulation of corticosteroid secretion?
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What is Acromegaly primarily caused by?
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Which condition is characterized by hypocalcemia and neuromuscular dysfunction?
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What hormone primarily helps regulate sodium and potassium levels in the blood?
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Which hormone deficiency is associated with Diabetes insipidus?
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What condition can result from an excess of ACTH?
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What is a common prognosis for cats diagnosed with hypopituitarism?
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of hyperparathyroidism?
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What does the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) primarily regulate?
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What symptom is commonly associated with mineralocorticoid deficiency?
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Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of adrenal steroid inhibitors?
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What is mitotane's primary association?
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What potential adverse effect might occur due to decreased corticosteroid secretion after administration of mitotane?
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What administration route is advised for the effective use of adrenal steroid inhibitors?
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Which adrenal cortex zones does mitotane target?
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What is the result of administering natural products like hydrocortisone orally?
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What is the typical dosage schedule for mitotane administration?
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What is the primary role of ACTH in the corticosteroid pathway?
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In primary adrenal insufficiency, what is observed following the administration of ACTH?
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What cardiovascular effect is associated with increased epinephrine synthesis?
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How do corticosteroids affect the angiotensin system?
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What respiratory effect is induced by glucocorticoids?
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What is the result of increased angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity?
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What major metabolic effect occurs due to the action of glucocorticoids?
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Which receptor’s expression is increased in smooth muscles due to ACTH?
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What is a potential consequence of lymphocytopenia?
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Which factor is associated with hypokalemia?
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How does aldosterone affect mRNA synthesis related to ion channels?
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What role does the suppression of leukocyte migration play?
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What effect does the decrease of cytokine production have?
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Which of the following substances is influenced by anti-inflammatory effects?
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What happens to the involution of lymphoid organs in lymphocytopenia?
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What does inhibition of PLA2 affect?
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Study Notes
Hormones Overview
- Hormones like ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), GH (growth hormone), TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), and LH (luteinizing hormone) play crucial roles in various bodily functions.
- Hypopituitarism, also known as pituitary dwarfism, often results from adenocarcinoma in cats, leading to a poor prognosis.
- Neoplasia in the pituitary gland can be benign or malignant, affecting hormone secretion.
Pituitary Hormones and Their Disorders
- Hypersecretion of GH leads to acromegaly, characterized by abnormal growth.
- Cushing's syndrome, or hyperadrenocorticism, results from excess ACTH.
- Galactorrhea, or inappropriate milk production, can arise from prolactin overproduction.
Parathyroid Hormones
- Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium and phosphate balance.
- Hypoparathyroidism leads to hypocalcemia, causing neuromuscular dysfunction like tetany and convulsions.
- Hyperparathyroidism results in hypercalcemia, impacting renal, skeletal, GI, and neurological systems.
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
- ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin are key hormones produced here.
- Diabetes insipidus is characterized by excessive thirst and dilute urine due to ADH deficiency or receptor issues.
Adrenal Hormones and Functions
- Cortisol, a glucocorticoid, regulates metabolism, stress response, and inflammation.
- Aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid, maintains sodium and potassium levels while controlling blood pressure.
Growth Hormone
- Growth hormone is stimulated by GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) from the hypothalamus and inhibited by somatostatin.
- Sometribove is a synthetic GH used in cattle to enhance growth and milk production.
Corticosteroid Pathway
- Cortisol release involves a cascade starting from CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) leading to ACTH and adrenal cortex stimulation.
- ACTH administration can be a diagnostic tool for adrenal insufficiencies.
Adrenal Insufficiency Types
- Primary adrenal insufficiency shows little to no cortisol increase due to adrenal dysfunction.
- Secondary adrenal insufficiency results from anterior pituitary dysfunction, with variable responses to ACTH based on adrenal health.
Effects of Glucocorticoids
- Increase liver glycogen and gluconeogenesis, leading to hyperglycemia.
- Cause lymphocytopenia and immune suppression, increasing infection susceptibility.
- Induce bronchodilation by enhancing β2-receptor expression in respiratory tissues.
Mineralocorticoid Functionality
- Aldosterone increases mRNA synthesis for sodium and potassium channels, enhancing electrolyte balance.
- It is critical for water retention and blood pressure regulation.
Adrenal Steroid Inhibitors
- Drugs like mitotane and ketoconazole are used to treat conditions such as Cushing's syndrome and adrenal adenoma.
- Mitotane is cytotoxic to adrenal cortex zones responsible for cortisol production.
Contraindications and Side Effects
- Corticosteroids are contraindicated in cases of infection, diabetes mellitus, and cardiac disorders.
- Side effects may include reduced appetite, weight loss, and gastrointestinal disturbances.
Summary of Key Conditions
- Symptoms of hormonal imbalances include sweet or acetone-like breath odor, lethargy, ataxia, and gastrointestinal upset due to altered corticosteroid levels.
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Description
Explore the key hormones produced by the pituitary and parathyroid glands, their roles in bodily functions, and the disorders associated with their dysregulation. This quiz covers conditions like acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome, and hypoparathyroidism, essential for understanding endocrine health.