Hormones and Disorders Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for stimulating the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

  • Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) (correct)
  • Deoxycorticosterone
  • Somatostatin
  • Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

    • What stimulates aldosterone secretion in the body?

  • Low ACTH levels
  • Cortisol elevation
  • Low potassium concentrations
  • Increased angiotensin levels (correct)

    • What is the primary function of endogenous glucocorticoids such as cortisol?

  • Promoting lactation
  • Regulating metabolism and immune response (correct)
  • Stimulating growth in tissues
  • Regulation of sodium levels

    • Which hormone inhibits the release of growth hormone?

    <p>Somatostatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of negative feedback in the regulation of corticosteroid secretion?

    <p>It prevents hormone overproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Acromegaly primarily caused by?

    <p>Excess of growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by hypocalcemia and neuromuscular dysfunction?

    <p>Hypoparathyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone primarily helps regulate sodium and potassium levels in the blood?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone deficiency is associated with Diabetes insipidus?

    <p>Vasopressin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can result from an excess of ACTH?

    <p>Cushing's syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common prognosis for cats diagnosed with hypopituitarism?

    <p>Poor prognosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a characteristic of hyperparathyroidism?

    <p>Hypocalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) primarily regulate?

    <p>Urine concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is commonly associated with mineralocorticoid deficiency?

    <p>Weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of adrenal steroid inhibitors?

    <p>Diabetes Mellitus (DM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mitotane's primary association?

    <p>Relation to DDT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential adverse effect might occur due to decreased corticosteroid secretion after administration of mitotane?

    <p>Vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What administration route is advised for the effective use of adrenal steroid inhibitors?

    <p>Oral, IV, IM, Topical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adrenal cortex zones does mitotane target?

    <p>Zona fasciculata and reticularis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of administering natural products like hydrocortisone orally?

    <p>Rapid metabolism by liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical dosage schedule for mitotane administration?

    <p>PO bid for 10-14 days, then once a week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ACTH in the corticosteroid pathway?

    <p>Stimulate the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In primary adrenal insufficiency, what is observed following the administration of ACTH?

    <p>Little to no increase in cortisol secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cardiovascular effect is associated with increased epinephrine synthesis?

    <p>Increased heart rate and myocardial contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do corticosteroids affect the angiotensin system?

    <p>Increase expression of angiotensinogen and ACE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What respiratory effect is induced by glucocorticoids?

    <p>Promote bronchodilation by increasing β2-receptor expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of increased angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity?

    <p>Enhanced vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major metabolic effect occurs due to the action of glucocorticoids?

    <p>Increase in liver glycogen synthesis and gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor’s expression is increased in smooth muscles due to ACTH?

    <p>Alpha-adrenergic receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of lymphocytopenia?

    <p>Greater susceptibility to infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is associated with hypokalemia?

    <p>Suppressed excitability of cardiac muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aldosterone affect mRNA synthesis related to ion channels?

    <p>Increases mRNA synthesis of K+ channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the suppression of leukocyte migration play?

    <p>Decreases immune response efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the decrease of cytokine production have?

    <p>Suppresses inflammatory processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is influenced by anti-inflammatory effects?

    <p>Bradykinin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the involution of lymphoid organs in lymphocytopenia?

    <p>Reduces size of lymph nodes and spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does inhibition of PLA2 affect?

    <p>Suppresses synthesis of prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hormones Overview

    • Hormones like ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), GH (growth hormone), TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), and LH (luteinizing hormone) play crucial roles in various bodily functions.
    • Hypopituitarism, also known as pituitary dwarfism, often results from adenocarcinoma in cats, leading to a poor prognosis.
    • Neoplasia in the pituitary gland can be benign or malignant, affecting hormone secretion.

    Pituitary Hormones and Their Disorders

    • Hypersecretion of GH leads to acromegaly, characterized by abnormal growth.
    • Cushing's syndrome, or hyperadrenocorticism, results from excess ACTH.
    • Galactorrhea, or inappropriate milk production, can arise from prolactin overproduction.

    Parathyroid Hormones

    • Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium and phosphate balance.
    • Hypoparathyroidism leads to hypocalcemia, causing neuromuscular dysfunction like tetany and convulsions.
    • Hyperparathyroidism results in hypercalcemia, impacting renal, skeletal, GI, and neurological systems.

    Posterior Pituitary Hormones

    • ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin are key hormones produced here.
    • Diabetes insipidus is characterized by excessive thirst and dilute urine due to ADH deficiency or receptor issues.

    Adrenal Hormones and Functions

    • Cortisol, a glucocorticoid, regulates metabolism, stress response, and inflammation.
    • Aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid, maintains sodium and potassium levels while controlling blood pressure.

    Growth Hormone

    • Growth hormone is stimulated by GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) from the hypothalamus and inhibited by somatostatin.
    • Sometribove is a synthetic GH used in cattle to enhance growth and milk production.

    Corticosteroid Pathway

    • Cortisol release involves a cascade starting from CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) leading to ACTH and adrenal cortex stimulation.
    • ACTH administration can be a diagnostic tool for adrenal insufficiencies.

    Adrenal Insufficiency Types

    • Primary adrenal insufficiency shows little to no cortisol increase due to adrenal dysfunction.
    • Secondary adrenal insufficiency results from anterior pituitary dysfunction, with variable responses to ACTH based on adrenal health.

    Effects of Glucocorticoids

    • Increase liver glycogen and gluconeogenesis, leading to hyperglycemia.
    • Cause lymphocytopenia and immune suppression, increasing infection susceptibility.
    • Induce bronchodilation by enhancing β2-receptor expression in respiratory tissues.

    Mineralocorticoid Functionality

    • Aldosterone increases mRNA synthesis for sodium and potassium channels, enhancing electrolyte balance.
    • It is critical for water retention and blood pressure regulation.

    Adrenal Steroid Inhibitors

    • Drugs like mitotane and ketoconazole are used to treat conditions such as Cushing's syndrome and adrenal adenoma.
    • Mitotane is cytotoxic to adrenal cortex zones responsible for cortisol production.

    Contraindications and Side Effects

    • Corticosteroids are contraindicated in cases of infection, diabetes mellitus, and cardiac disorders.
    • Side effects may include reduced appetite, weight loss, and gastrointestinal disturbances.

    Summary of Key Conditions

    • Symptoms of hormonal imbalances include sweet or acetone-like breath odor, lethargy, ataxia, and gastrointestinal upset due to altered corticosteroid levels.

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    Description

    Explore the key hormones produced by the pituitary and parathyroid glands, their roles in bodily functions, and the disorders associated with their dysregulation. This quiz covers conditions like acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome, and hypoparathyroidism, essential for understanding endocrine health.

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