23 Questions
What is the approximate chance of a thyroid nodule identified on PET scanning being malignant?
33%
Which imaging technique should be performed in an individual with a low serum TSH and a nodular thyroid to confirm the presence of an autonomously functioning nodule?
Thyroid scintigraphy with 99mtechnetium
What should be measured in all patients with a goitre or solitary thyroid nodule?
Serum T3, T4 and TSH
In which location are thyroglossal duct cysts classically located?
Midline
What investigation should be performed urgently if there is any doubt as to the aetiology of an anterior neck swelling?
Ultrasound scan
When is further evaluation not necessary for a nodular thyroid?
If it is autonomously functioning ('hot')
What should lead to investigations in patients with biochemical thyrotoxicosis or hypothyroidism?
$Biochemical$ thyrotoxicosis or hypothyroidism
Where are many receptors located?
On the cell surface
What is the preferred treatment for patients with distant metastases of papillary and follicular thyroid cancer?
131I therapy
Which type of hormones bind to specific intracellular receptors?
Steroids
Which type of thyroid cancer has shown an increasing incidence since 1990?
Papillary carcinoma
In which way do some hormones act to affect adjacent cells?
Paracrinely
What are some adverse prognostic factors for papillary and follicular thyroid cancer?
Female sex
What is the enzyme responsible for the production of estrogens from adrenal androgens in adipose tissue?
Aromatase
In which type of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) can medullary carcinoma occur in childhood?
Type 2a
Which model of endocrine function involves hormones released into the circulation and acting at distant sites?
Classical model
What is the most common outcome for patients with papillary and follicular thyroid cancer?
Cure with appropriate treatment
What is often called 'primary' disease when arising within the gland?
Primary pathology
Which therapy can be effective in treating those with distant metastases of thyroid cancer?
$131I$ therapy
What is often called 'secondary' disease when there is abnormal stimulation of the gland?
'Secondary' pathology
What is the rate per 100,000 persons for medullary carcinoma in multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2b?
$666$
What has been the trend in death rates of thyroid cancer since 1992?
$Increase$
In which decade was the rate of new cases of thyroid cancer highest?
$2010s$
Test your knowledge about the biological effects of hormones and their mediation through receptor binding, cell surface receptors, intracellular signaling molecules, and gene expression regulation. Explore the mechanisms of hormone action and receptor interactions.
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