Hormones and Behaviour Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the impact of oestrogen levels on motivation and money earned in normally cycling women?

  • Higher oestrogen levels lead to decreased motivation.
  • Fluctuating oestrogen levels correlate with increased motivation. (correct)
  • Lower oestrogen levels correlate with higher earnings.
  • Constant oestrogen levels have no effect on motivation.

    • Which hormone is primarily associated with pregnancy gingivitis?

  • Cortisol
  • Testosterone
  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone (correct)

    • What percentage of women is likely to develop gingivitis during pregnancy?

  • 50%
  • 20%
  • 40% (correct)
  • 30%

    • Which of the following is NOT a risk factor linked to female hormonal changes?

    <p>Age of first menstruation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of prenatal alcohol exposure during weeks 6-16 of pregnancy?

    <p>Can result in both structural and functional abnormalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?

    <p>A severe form of Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system carries messages from sensory receptors to the central nervous system?

    <p>Afferent nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some behavioral presentations associated with FAS and FASD?

    <p>Hyperactivity and irritability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of dentition are genetic factors more pronounced?

    <p>Primary dentition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a predisposing factor in the 4P Factor Model related to diabetes?

    <p>Genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is associated with operant conditioning?

    <p>Positive reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are twin studies beneficial for understanding heritability?

    <p>They provide clear genetic comparisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these options describes a perpetuating factor in the context of behavior?

    <p>Sedentary lifestyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classical conditioning, what does the unconditioned response indicate?

    <p>A natural reaction without prior learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might explain heritability differences in risk-taking behavior between boys and girls?

    <p>Biological factors unique to each gender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reaction did Pavlov's dogs exhibit when they learned to associate the lab technician's arrival with food?

    <p>They started drooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the learning process by associating two stimuli to produce a new response?

    <p>Classical Conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an unconditioned stimulus?

    <p>A naturally occurring trigger that prompts an automatic response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the extinction phase of classical conditioning?

    <p>The conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a conditioned response?

    <p>A learned response to a conditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'generalisation' in classical conditioning?

    <p>The application of a conditioned response to similar stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the process of increasing or decreasing a behavior through reinforcement or punishment?

    <p>Operant Conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reinforcement involves providing something positive to encourage a behavior?

    <p>Positive reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In operant conditioning, what is meant by 'negative punishment'?

    <p>Removing a positive stimulus to decrease a behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of positive reinforcement?

    <p>To reinforce desired behavior by adding a positive stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of positive punishment?

    <p>Spanking a child for misbehaving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario exemplifies negative reinforcement?

    <p>A student taking a painkiller to avoid headache pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of reinforcement, what does the term 'stimulus' refer to?

    <p>Any consequence that influences behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of negative punishment?

    <p>A teenager having their phone privileges revoked for breaking rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Timing plays an important role in the effectiveness of what concept?

    <p>Both reinforcement and punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reinforces the behavior of taking a painkiller according to the definition of negative reinforcement?

    <p>The relief from the headache after taking the painkiller</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the concept of operant conditioning?

    <p>It involves maximizing change through complex consequences for behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the population is estimated to have experienced at least one panic attack in their lifetime?

    <p>30-40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom experienced during a panic attack?

    <p>Loss of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor for developing anxiety disorders?

    <p>Substance use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do women differ from men in terms of help-seeking behavior for mental health issues?

    <p>Women are more likely to report symptoms compared to men.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about panic disorder is true?

    <p>It requires recurring panic attacks for diagnosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can often trigger the first panic attack?

    <p>An abrupt physical change in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the demographic most associated with higher anxiety rates?

    <p>Women who have experienced trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important consideration when assessing someone during a panic attack?

    <p>Symptoms are identical to a heart attack.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hormones and Behaviour

    • Hormones are chemical messengers that regulate physiology and behaviour
    • Hormones are secreted by glands and travel through the circulatory system to target organs
    • Estrogen levels fluctuate in normally cycling women, impacting motivation and income
    • Women on oral contraceptives experience less fluctuation in motivation and earn less than those with fluctuating motivation

    Sex Hormones and Oral Health

    • Female sex hormones can enhance the connection between plaque and gingivitis
    • Approximately 40% of women experience gingivitis during pregnancy, mainly due to increased progesterone levels
    • Pregnant women with chronic gum disease have a significantly higher risk of premature delivery
    • Female risk factors for oral health issues include puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, and menopause

    Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

    • These conditions arise from prenatal alcohol exposure
    • The severity of FASD is influenced by the timing and duration of alcohol exposure during pregnancy
    • Alcohol is a teratogen, meaning it negatively affects prenatal development
    • FAS is the most severe form of FASD and can cause physical abnormalities, cognitive impairments, and behavioural disorders
    • FASD affects a range of developmental areas including general cognitive impairment, mental retardation, impaired motor coordination, attention, memory, language, and behaviour

    Stress: Physiology, Correlates, and Consequences

    • The nervous system is organised into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
    • The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord while the PNS includes all other nerves
    • The somatic nervous system is part of the PNS and controls voluntary movements
    • The autonomic nervous system is part of the PNS and controls involuntary functions like breathing and heart rate

    Theories of Learning

    • Learning is defined as a long-term change in behaviour based on experience
    • Learning can be conscious or subconscious and can influence how people behave in a clinical setting
    • Classical conditioning, also known as Pavlovian conditioning, involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to trigger a conditioned response
    • Operant conditioning uses reinforcement or punishment to either increase or decrease a behaviour
    • Reinforcement can be positive (adding a desirable stimulus) or negative (removing an undesirable stimulus)
    • Punishment can also be positive (adding an undesirable stimulus) or negative (removing a desirable stimulus)

    4P Factor Model

    • The model helps understand and address various health behaviours and symptoms by looking at four factors : predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating, and protective
    • Predisposing factors contribute to vulnerability to a behaviour or symptom
    • Precipitating factors trigger the onset of a behaviour or symptom
    • Perpetuating factors maintain the behaviour or symptom
    • Protective factors help reduce or prevent the re-occurrence of a behaviour or symptom
    • This model can be applied to various health issues, such as diabetes, where genetics predispose, high sugar consumption precipitates, a sedentary lifestyle perpetuates, and access to quality health care protects

    Classical Conditioning Summary

    • Classical conditioning is the learning process of associating two stimuli to produce a new learnt response
    • The unconditioned stimulus triggers an automatic response, the unconditioned response
    • The neutral stimulus initially has no response but becomes the conditioned stimulus after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus
    • The conditioned response is the learnt response to the conditioned stimulus, often similar to the unconditioned response
    • Extinction is the unlearning of the pairing between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus through repeated exposure without the unconditioned stimulus
    • Generalisation involves responding to similar stimuli in the same way as the conditioned stimulus

    Operant Conditioning

    • Operant conditioning is the use of reinforcement or punishment to increase or decrease a behaviour
    • Positive reinforcement involves adding a positive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behaviour occurring again
    • Positive punishment involves adding a negative stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behaviour occurring again
    • Negative reinforcement involves removing a negative stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behaviour occurring again
    • Negative punishment involves removing a positive stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behaviour occurring again
    • For rewards to be effective in operant conditioning, they must be personally meaningful, and timing is crucial

    Epidemiology of Anxiety

    • Anxiety disorders are prevalent, with a lifetime prevalence of 28.8%
    • Women experience higher rates of anxiety than men
    • Trauma and life events, such as domestic violence, sexual assault, and unemployment, are common risk factors for anxiety

    Generic Aetiology

    • Risk factors for anxiety disorders include genetics, stressful events, low education, physical health problems, substance use, and personality factors
    • Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent panic attacks, anxiety about future panic attacks, worry about the consequences of panic attacks, and avoidance behaviour
    • A panic attack involves an abrupt surge of intense fear or discomfort that peaks within minutes

    Panic Attacks

    • Panic attacks are characterized by at least four of the following symptoms: palpitations, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, choking sensation, chest pain, nausea, dizziness, chills, numbness, derealization, fear of losing control, fear of dying, and feeling lightheaded
    • The trigger for the first panic attack is often a physical shift in the body like a change in blood pressure, blood sugar, hormone levels, or drug effects
    • While panic attacks can be frightening, it's crucial to remain calm and supportive. Remember that there is an overlap between the symptoms of panic attacks and heart attacks, so seek immediate medical help if you suspect a heart attack.

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    Description

    Explore the complex relationships between hormones and behavior through this quiz. Understand how hormonal fluctuations impact motivation, particularly in women, and learn about the implications of sex hormones on oral health. Dive into the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure and its relation to developmental disorders.

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