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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of intensive insulin therapy compared to standard therapy?
What is a characteristic of intensive insulin therapy compared to standard therapy?
Which of the following is a common adverse reaction to insulin?
Which of the following is a common adverse reaction to insulin?
What is the recommended target mean blood glucose level for most patients according to the ADA?
What is the recommended target mean blood glucose level for most patients according to the ADA?
What potential complication is associated with intensive insulin regimens?
What potential complication is associated with intensive insulin regimens?
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Who should not use inhaled insulin due to potential risks?
Who should not use inhaled insulin due to potential risks?
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What is the primary function of hormones in multicellular organisms?
What is the primary function of hormones in multicellular organisms?
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Which of the following describes how endocrine glands function?
Which of the following describes how endocrine glands function?
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What type of hormone is insulin classified as?
What type of hormone is insulin classified as?
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What is a characteristic of rapid-acting and short-acting insulin preparations?
What is a characteristic of rapid-acting and short-acting insulin preparations?
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How is human insulin produced?
How is human insulin produced?
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What is the appropriate time to administer regular insulin before a meal?
What is the appropriate time to administer regular insulin before a meal?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of hormone mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a type of hormone mentioned?
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What characterizes the administration of rapid-acting insulin?
What characterizes the administration of rapid-acting insulin?
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What is the main purpose of NPH insulin in diabetes management?
What is the main purpose of NPH insulin in diabetes management?
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How does the combination with protamine affect NPH insulin?
How does the combination with protamine affect NPH insulin?
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Which insulin has the longest half-life among long-acting insulin preparations?
Which insulin has the longest half-life among long-acting insulin preparations?
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What is the appearance of NPH insulin?
What is the appearance of NPH insulin?
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What constitutes a premixed insulin combination?
What constitutes a premixed insulin combination?
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What is the peak action time for insulin aspart?
What is the peak action time for insulin aspart?
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Which insulin should not be used when rapid glucose lowering is necessary?
Which insulin should not be used when rapid glucose lowering is necessary?
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What is the recommended method of administration for NPH insulin?
What is the recommended method of administration for NPH insulin?
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Study Notes
Hormone Overview
- Hormones are signaling molecules in multicellular organisms
- They regulate physiology and behavior via complex biological processes
- Hormone secretion responds to specific biochemical signals
- Hormone secretion is often regulated by negative feedback
Hormone Secretion
- Hormones are secreted by different types of glands
- Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
- Exocrine glands secrete hormones indirectly via ducts
- Paracrine glands secrete hormones to nearby target tissues
Hormone Types
- Hormones can be classified by their structure and origin
- Protein/peptide hormones: Made up of amino acids. Examples include insulin and oxytocin
- Amino Acid Derivatives: Derived from amino acids. Examples include thyroxine and melatonin
- Steroid hormones: Derived from cholesterol. Examples include estradiol, testosterone, and cortisol
- Eicosanoids: Derived from lipids, such as arachidonic acid. Examples include prostaglandins and thromboxane
- Gasses: Examples include nitric oxide
Insulin
- Insulin is a polypeptide hormone
- It has an A-chain (21 amino acids), a B-chain (30 amino acids), and a C-chain
- Secreted from beta cells in the pancreas
- Its release is triggered by glucose levels in the blood
Insulin Production
- Human insulin is produced using rDNA technology
- This involves modifying the amino acid sequence to produce insulins with varying pharmacokinetic properties
Insulin Administration
- Administration routes include:
- Subcutaneous (SC)
- Intravenous (IV)
- Inhalation
- Continuous subcutaneous infusion (insulin pump)
Insulin Preparations
- Rapid-acting insulins (e.g., lispro, aspart, glulisine) are designed for rapid absorption and shorter duration of action
- They mimic the mealtime release of insulin
- This control postprandial glucose -Regular insulin is often used when IV route is needed
- Regular insulin should be injected 30 minutes before meal
- Intermediate-acting insulin: Neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH)
- Formed by adding zinc and protamine to regular insulin
- Results in delayed absorption and longer duration of action
- Used for basal (fasting) control
- Usually given along with rapid- or short-acting insulin for mealtime control,
- Long-acting insulins (e.g., glargine, detemir):
- Glargine's isoelectric point causes a precipitate at injection site, releasing insulin over an extended period.
- Detemir has a fatty acid side chain, promoting albumin association, leading to a slow dissociation and extended action
Insulin Combinations
- Premixed combinations (e.g., 70% NPH + 30% regular) are available
- These reduce daily injections
Insulin Pharmacokinetics
- A table provides pharmacokinetic details (onset, peak, duration, maximum duration, and appearance) for various insulin types.
Standard vs. Intensive Treatment
- Standard insulin therapy uses twice-daily injections
- Intensive treatment involves more frequent injections and monitoring
- Intensive treatment aims for lower mean blood glucose (154 mg/dL or less)
Adverse Effects
- Hypoglycemia is the most common adverse effect
- Other adverse effects include weight gain, local injection site reactions, and lipodystrophy
- Diabetics with renal insufficiency may require decreased insulin dose.
- Inhaled insulin should not be used by patients with asthma, COPD and smokers due to bronchospasm risk.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of hormones, including their secretion, types, and regulation. Explore how hormones function as signaling molecules in multicellular organisms, their classification by structure and origin, and the roles of various glands in hormone secretion.
