24 Questions
Which group of hormones are lipophilic in nature and mostly derivatives of cholesterol?
Group I hormones
Where do Group II hormones bind to perform their functions?
On the cell surface (plasma membrane)
What is the second messenger involved in the action of ACTH, FSH, LH, PTH, glucagon, and calcitonin?
cAMP
What is the term for the effect of a hormone on a neighboring cell?
Paracrine
What is the term for the effect of a hormone on the same cell that released it?
Autocrine
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
To link the nervous and endocrine systems
What is the term for the effect of a hormone that travels in the blood to produce a biologic effect on distant target cells?
Endocrine
What is the newly proposed mechanism of hormone action where a hormone is synthesized and acts intracellularly in the same cell?
Intracrine
What is the primary function of hormones in the body?
To control and regulate metabolic and biological activities
How do hormones reach their target cells?
Through the circulatory system
What is a characteristic of hormones?
Low molecular weight and small soluble organic molecules
How many endocrine glands produce hormones in the body?
12
What is the duration of hormone effects?
Hours, weeks, and years
What do hormones regulate in the body?
Metabolic processes, fluid balance, growth, and reproduction
How do hormones interact with their target cells?
Through chemical messengers
What is the relationship between the endocrine and nervous systems?
They work together to integrate and complement each other
What is the primary way hormones travel through the body?
Through the bloodstream
Which type of hormone is insulin classified as?
Protein or peptide hormone
What is the function of hormone receptors?
To receive and respond to hormone signals
Which gland is responsible for regulating hormone production from endocrine organs?
Hypothalamus
What is the term for the movement of substances in and out of cells?
Permissive function
Which organ is an example of an endocrine gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream?
Pancreas
What is the term for hormones that are synthesized from amino acids?
Amino acid derivatives
What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
To maintain homeostasis and regulate body processes
Study Notes
Hormone Classification
- Group I hormones: lipophilic, mostly derivatives of cholesterol, except T3 and T4; examples: estrogens, androgens, glucocorticoids, calcitriol
- Group II hormones: bind to cell surface receptors, stimulate release of second messengers, which perform biochemical functions; examples: ACTH, FSH, LH, PTH, glucagon, calcitonin
Hormone Effects
- Endocrine effect: hormone released into circulation, travels to distant target cells
- Paracrine effect: hormone released from cell, produces effect on neighboring cells
- Autocrine effect: hormone produces effect on same cell that released it
- Intractine effect: hormone synthesized and acts intracellularly in same cell
Hypothalamus
- Links nervous and endocrine systems to maintain homeostasis
- Integrates hormone production from endocrine organs
Endocrine System
- Made up of several organs called glands that create and secrete hormones
- Hormones control and coordinate body functions, slower to initiate but have more prolonged response compared to nervous system
Hormones
- Defined as organic substances produced by specific tissues (endocrine glands), secreted into bloodstream to control metabolic and biological activities
- Chemical messengers involved in transmission of information from one tissue to another and from cell to cell
- Specific, affecting certain target tissues or organs and regulating their activities
- Regulate processes such as metabolism, fluid balance, growth, and sexual reproduction
- Characteristics: low molecular weight, small soluble organic molecules, high rate of diffusion, effective in low concentration, travels in blood, and specific to target site
Endocrine Signaling
- Hormones travel through bloodstream to reach target cells
- Act on target cells with specific receptor
Endocrine Glands
- Secrete hormones directly into bloodstream, rather than through a duct
- Major endocrine glands include pancreas, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, pineal gland, and gonads (ovaries and testes)
- Examples of endocrine glands: adipose tissue secretes leptin
Learn about the classification of hormones into two groups based on their nature and functions. Understand the characteristics of Group I and Group II hormones.
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