Hong Kong Political Landscape Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the focus of Griffiths' article regarding Hong Kong?

  • The role of the UK in the handover negotiations (correct)
  • The cultural impacts of China's rule over Hong Kong
  • The historical context of Hong Kong's governance
  • The economic implications of the handover

Which publication discusses the administrative absorption of politics at the grassroots level in Hong Kong?

  • Administrative absorption of politics in Hong Kong (correct)
  • The secret negotiations that sealed Hong Kong's future
  • Hong Kong’s democrats divide
  • Routledge handbook of contemporary Hong Kong

What significant event does the Ministry of Foreign Affairs document pertain to?

  • The establishment of the Basic Law
  • The celebration of the 15th anniversary of reunification
  • The formation of the democratic party in Hong Kong
  • The resumption of sovereignty over Hong Kong (correct)

Which topic is explored by Lam in his publication regarding post-colonial Hong Kong?

<p>Civic engagement and its challenges (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the United Nations letter from 1972 pertain to in relation to China?

<p>China's membership in the United Nations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of members in the Election Committee after the 2021 electoral reform?

<p>1500 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sectors was included in the Election Committee after the 2021 reform?

<p>Professional Sector (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT part of the Legislative Council's responsibilities according to the Basic Law?

<p>Elect the Chief Executive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the total number of seats in the Legislative Council in 2021?

<p>90 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many geographical constituency seats were returned in the Legislative Council in 2004?

<p>30 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What legal system does Hong Kong follow?

<p>Common Law (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which article of the Basic Law outlines the main functions of the Legislative Council?

<p>Article 73 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many functional constituency seats were returned in the Legislative Council in 2012?

<p>35 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily achieved through the advisory system developed alongside the ExCo?

<p>Government by consultation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do professional and business elites have in relation to the ExCo and advisory bodies?

<p>They gain a special status and influence in the system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of consultative politics introduced in the 1970s?

<p>It involved soliciting public comments in major social policy areas. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Green Papers and White Papers differ in their purpose?

<p>Green Papers stimulate public discussion, while White Papers present the government's official policy position. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was explicitly named by the government in 2007 as a means to achieve good governance?

<p>Civic engagement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary concern of bankers regarding projects in the New Territories in the mid-1980s?

<p>The investment horizon extended beyond 1997. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the approach taken during the Kai Tak Planning Review (2004-2007)?

<p>The public was invited to shape the agenda from the start. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Deng Xiaoping's position regarding Hong Kong's future in 1997?

<p>Hong Kong's capitalist system would continue for a considerable period. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does civic engagement relate to traditional consultation methods according to Lam?

<p>It enhances traditional methods with more structured engagement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is consultative politics important in policy proposal legitimacy?

<p>It builds consensus through public consultation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the PRC assert regarding the British occupation of Hong Kong during MacLehose's visit in 1979?

<p>Ending the occupation was necessary. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which proposal did Thatcher seek regarding Hong Kong’s administration?

<p>An exchange of sovereignty for continued British administration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the PRC view the unequal treaties regarding Hong Kong during the negotiations?

<p>They refused to recognize the unequal treaties. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did the United Nations take regarding Hong Kong and Macau in 1972?

<p>Passed a resolution to remove them from the list of colonies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Deng Xiaoping and Mrs. Thatcher discuss during their meeting in September 1982?

<p>Continued British administration after 1997. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stance did Huang Hua take regarding Hong Kong and Macau in his letter to the UN Decolonization Committee?

<p>They are China's internal affairs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does consultative politics imply under an executive-led structure?

<p>The government must engage the public in policy areas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the total number of advisory and statutory bodies in Hong Kong changed from 1997 to 2013?

<p>Increased from 284 to 467. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did advisory bodies play during the colonial era in Hong Kong?

<p>They were used to co-opt business-professional elites. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Basic Law, what happens to the system of establishing advisory bodies?

<p>It shall be maintained by the executive authorities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key purposes of public consultations according to consultative politics?

<p>To give the public an illusion of control. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant negotiation concerning Hong Kong took place in the early 1980s?

<p>The Sino-British Negotiations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which document laid out the basic political structure of Hong Kong?

<p>The Basic Law. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What perspective did some scholars hold regarding the advisory system in the colonial era?

<p>It was considered essential for political stability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Court of Final Appeal in Hong Kong?

<p>To exercise the power of final adjudication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which article of the Basic Law ensures the independence of the judiciary in Hong Kong?

<p>Article 85 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress play regarding the Basic Law?

<p>It has the power of interpretation of the Basic Law (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the judiciary in Hong Kong refer to external legal precedents?

<p>As prescribed in Article 84 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Hong Kong's judicial system as described in the content?

<p>It operates under a hybrid regime incorporating both electoral and non-electoral elements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary function of the Legislative Council (LegCo) during the colonial era?

<p>To serve as a body that endorsed government proposals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'consultative politics' imply in the context of Hong Kong?

<p>The willingness to consult the population for public decision-making (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What immunity do members of the judiciary in Hong Kong enjoy while performing their duties?

<p>They are immune from legal action in their judicial functions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Deng Xiaoping's 1979 Promise

Deng Xiaoping assured Hong Kong that it could maintain its capitalist system for a significant period beyond 1997, even after the PRC took sovereignty.

MacLehose's 1979 Visit

In 1979, Governor MacLehose traveled to Beijing to discuss Hong Kong's future with Chinese leaders, highlighting the urgency of addressing Hong Kong's concerns.

British Proposal: Sovereignty for Administration

The British proposed to retain administrative control of Hong Kong while ceding sovereignty to China, aiming to extend their presence beyond 1997.

PRC's Refusal

China refused the British proposal, rejecting the ‘exchange of sovereignty for administration’ and asserting that Hong Kong was an internal matter.

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Unequal Treaties

The PRC refused to recognize the treaties that ceded Hong Kong Island and Kowloon Peninsula to Britain, deeming them unfair and imposed through unequal power dynamics.

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Thatcher's Stance

Prime Minister Thatcher insisted on maintaining the validity of the unequal treaties, arguing that they should remain in force.

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China's Sovereignty

China insisted that Hong Kong would eventually revert to Chinese sovereignty, even if the British administration continued for a period after 1997.

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Deng-Thatcher Meeting

In 1982, Deng Xiaoping met Margaret Thatcher, demonstrating the high-level diplomatic efforts towards resolving the future of Hong Kong.

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Hong Kong's Judicial System

The judicial system of Hong Kong is a common law system, meaning that it is based on precedent. It is also independent, meaning that the courts are not subject to interference from the government. This system is maintained except for changes made after the establishment of the Court of Final Appeal.

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Court of Final Appeal

The highest court in Hong Kong. It has the power to make final decisions on legal cases, and it can invite judges from other common law jurisdictions to sit on the court.

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Judicial Independence

The courts in Hong Kong are free from any political interference. This ensures that judges can make decisions based on the law, without fear of retribution.

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Basic Law

The constitution of Hong Kong. It sets out the structure of the government and legal system.

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Hybrid Regime

A system that combines elements of both democracy and non-democratic rule. Hong Kong is a hybrid regime because it has both elected officials and officials appointed by the Chinese government.

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Consultative Politics

A system of government that involves the public in decision-making. This can take many forms, such as public consultations or referendums.

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Executive Council (ExCo)

The advisory body to the Chief Executive of Hong Kong. It is made up of prominent figures and top civil servants.

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Legislative Council (LegCo)

The legislature of Hong Kong. It is responsible for making and amending laws.

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ExCo

Executive Council in Hong Kong, responsible for advising the Chief Executive.

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Advisory System

A system of bodies providing advice to the government, often composed of experts and stakeholders.

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Cooptation

The process of gaining influence by bringing key individuals into a group or system.

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Administrative Absorption of Politics

Process where governing elites incorporate socio-economic elites into decision-making, gaining legitimacy and elite integration.

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Green Paper

A document issued by the government to stimulate public discussion on a policy proposal.

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White Paper

A document outlining the government's official policy position after public consultation.

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Civic Engagement

A refined form of consultative politics that emphasizes active participation by citizens in policy decisions.

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CE Election Method

The Chief Executive (CE) of Hong Kong is elected by an Election Committee, which is broadly representative of Hong Kong society and its interests. The CE is ultimately appointed by the Central People's Government.

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Election Committee (EC)

The Election Committee is a group designed to choose the Chief Executive of Hong Kong. It has undergone several reforms, expanding its size and membership over time.

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EC Size Changes

The Election Committee originally had 800 members but was expanded to 1200 members in 2010 and then to 1500 members in 2021, with changes to its composition as well.

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LegCo Functions

The Legislative Council (LegCo) is like Hong Kong's parliament. It has key powers, including enacting laws, approving budgets, debating government policies, and approving appointments of judges.

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LegCo Seat Types

LegCo members are elected in different ways: some represent geographical areas, others represent specific professions, and some are chosen by the Election Committee.

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LegCo Seat Numbers

The number of seats in LegCo has changed over time. The 2021 changes led to a total of 90 seats, with 20 direct, 30 functional, and 40 from the Election Committee.

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Hong Kong's Legal System

Hong Kong is a common law jurisdiction, which means its legal system is based on precedent and judge-made law, like many English-speaking countries.

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What does 'common law jurisdiction' mean?

A common law jurisdiction means that laws are determined primarily by judicial decisions, based on precedents set by previous rulings, instead of solely by statutes.

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One Country, Two Systems

The governing principle for Hong Kong after its handover to China in 1997, allowing Hong Kong to maintain its capitalist system and way of life while being part of China.

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Sovereignty and Administration

The distinction between having ultimate control over a territory (sovereignty) and managing its day-to-day affairs (administration). In the Hong Kong case, this became a central issue in negotiations between China and Britain.

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Consultative Politics in Executive-Led Systems

A political approach where governments actively involve the public in policy-making, seeking their input and collaboration, while ultimately retaining final decision-making power.

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Advisory Bodies in Hong Kong

Groups established by the government to advise on policy matters. They were traditionally used to involve business elites, and they remain prevalent in Hong Kong's system.

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Basic Law Article 65

A provision in Hong Kong's Basic Law that mandates the continuation of the 'previous system' of using advisory bodies.

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Increase in Hong Kong Advisory Bodies

Between 1997 and 2013, the number of advisory and statutory bodies in Hong Kong significantly increased, emphasizing the ongoing significance of consultation.

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Hong Kong's Future in the 70s

Discussions about Hong Kong's future after 1997 began in the 1970s, reflecting the growing awareness of the upcoming handover.

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Sino-British Negotiations (1980s)

Formal negotiations between China and Britain, starting in the early 1980s, to determine the terms of Hong Kong's transfer from British to Chinese sovereignty.

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Sino-British Joint Declaration (1984)

A treaty signed in 1984 that outlined the framework for Hong Kong's return to China, including the 'One Country, Two Systems' principle.

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Basic Law (1990)

A constitutional document that establishes the basic political framework of Hong Kong, defining its relationship with China after the 1997 handover.

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Study Notes

Lecture 6: The Road to Handover and Political Development After 1997

  • The lecture reviews the road to the handover of Hong Kong and subsequent political developments after 1997.
  • Course materials on Moodle should not be circulated without instructor permission. All materials are solely for academic purposes.
  • The lecture outline includes a review of the previous lecture, Sino-British negotiations, Hong Kong's political system, and consultative politics in Hong Kong.

Review of the Previous Lecture

  • Colonial Governance: Included letters patent, royal instructions, executive council, and the legislative council.
  • Governance Problems (1950s-1960s): Issues included living conditions, corruption, working conditions, and living expenses.
  • MacLehose's Social Reforms: Focused on public housing (10-year plan), development of new towns (Tsuen Wan, Sha Tin, and Tuen Mun), expansion of civil servant forces, community planning, and 6 years of free education (later 9 years). ICAC was also mentioned.

The Sino-British Negotiations

  • Key figures involved included Murray MacLehose (1972-1982), Edward Youde (1982-1986), David Wilson (1987-1992), and Chris Patten (1992-1997).
  • Unequal treaties: The Qing government ceded Hong Kong Island to Britain in 1842, Kowloon Peninsula in 1860, and the New Territories (leased for 99 years) in 1898.
  • Negotiations began in the late 1970s.
  • Key concerns during negotiations included the expiry of the New Territories lease in 1997, the status of Hong Kong's political and economic systems after 1997, and whether the British administration would continue beyond 1997.
  • Deng Xiaoping emphasized that Hong Kong and Macau were China's internal affairs. He also stated that "Hong Kong's special position can be guaranteed in 1997, no matter how this question is solved."
  • Deng also highlighted the importance of resolving sovereignty issues in a way that ensures Hong Kong's prosperity.
  • The Sino–British Joint Declaration outlined 12 key policies, including high autonomy for Hong Kong, retaining the existing systems. It stated that the PRC would resume sovereignty on July 1, 1997.

Hong Kong's Political System

The Basic Law was drafted by a committee with members from Hong Kong and mainland China, with public input gathered via the Basic Law Consultative Committee (BLCC). Promulgated in April 1990, it defines Hong Kong’s political structure. The executive-led system allows the Chief Executive significant power, including dissolving the Legislative Council and issuing executive orders. Article 1 establishes the election process for the Chief Executive. The Legislative Council (LegCo) is vital for law-making and policy discussions. Hong Kong's judiciary operates under common law, with the Court of Final Appeal holding judicial review powers. The political system is a hybrid, combining electoral and non-electoral elements, with consultation processes like "Green Paper" and "White Paper" used to engage the public and elites in policy-making.

  • .

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Lecture 6: The Road to Handover and Political Development After 1997 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on key political aspects of Hong Kong. This quiz covers topics such as electoral reforms, the Legislative Council's functions, and significant historical documents regarding Hong Kong's governance. Dive deep into the intricacies of Hong Kong's politics and administrative structure.

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