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Questions and Answers
What is the difference in the molecular formulas between propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10)?
What is the difference in the molecular formulas between propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10)?
Which is the correct general formula for alkenes?
Which is the correct general formula for alkenes?
How does molecular mass affect the physical properties of compounds in homologous series?
How does molecular mass affect the physical properties of compounds in homologous series?
What is the second member of the alkene series following ethene?
What is the second member of the alkene series following ethene?
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What remains similar across members of a homologous series despite changes in molecular mass?
What remains similar across members of a homologous series despite changes in molecular mass?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of homologous series?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of homologous series?
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For the compounds CH3OH and C2H5OH, what is the difference in their molecular masses?
For the compounds CH3OH and C2H5OH, what is the difference in their molecular masses?
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What is the molecular formula for the first member of the alkane series?
What is the molecular formula for the first member of the alkane series?
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What is the term for compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures?
What is the term for compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures?
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Which of the following hydrocarbons is classified as an alkane?
Which of the following hydrocarbons is classified as an alkane?
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What type of bond do alkenes contain that distinguishes them from alkanes?
What type of bond do alkenes contain that distinguishes them from alkanes?
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Considering the molecular mass, which of the following hydrocarbons has the highest mass?
Considering the molecular mass, which of the following hydrocarbons has the highest mass?
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Which compound has a cyclic structure?
Which compound has a cyclic structure?
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What is the main characteristic of saturated hydrocarbons?
What is the main characteristic of saturated hydrocarbons?
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In the homologous series of alkanes, each subsequent member differs by how many carbon and hydrogen atoms?
In the homologous series of alkanes, each subsequent member differs by how many carbon and hydrogen atoms?
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What is the formula for benzene?
What is the formula for benzene?
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What is the primary reason compounds like ethanol and methane do not conduct electricity?
What is the primary reason compounds like ethanol and methane do not conduct electricity?
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What configuration of electrons is necessary for carbon to attain noble gas configuration?
What configuration of electrons is necessary for carbon to attain noble gas configuration?
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What type of bond formation allows carbon to overcome the challenges of gaining or losing electrons?
What type of bond formation allows carbon to overcome the challenges of gaining or losing electrons?
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Which molecule represents a simple example of carbon sharing its valence electrons?
Which molecule represents a simple example of carbon sharing its valence electrons?
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How many valence electrons does a carbon atom have?
How many valence electrons does a carbon atom have?
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Why is it energetically unfavorable for carbon to form a C4- anion?
Why is it energetically unfavorable for carbon to form a C4- anion?
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Which property of carbon compounds allows for the formation of larger molecules?
Which property of carbon compounds allows for the formation of larger molecules?
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Which characteristic of carbon's outer shell influences its reactivity?
Which characteristic of carbon's outer shell influences its reactivity?
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Study Notes
Homologous Series of Alkanes
- Succession in alkanes shows that each compound differs by a –CH2– unit:
- CH4 (Methane) and C2H6 (Ethane)
- C2H6 (Ethane) and C3H8 (Propane)
- Propane (C3H8) and Butane (C4H10) also differ by a –CH2– unit.
- Molecular masses differ by 14 u between successive alkanes (12 u for C and 1 u for H).
Homologous Series of Alkenes
- Ethene (C2H4) is the first member, followed by C3H6 (Propene), C4H8 (Butene), and C5H10 (Pentyne).
- Each succeeding alkene differs by a –CH2– unit.
- General formula for alkenes: CnH2n, where n = 2, 3, 4, etc.
Homologous Series General Formulas
- General formula for alkanes: CnH2n+2.
- General formula for alkynes: CnH2n-2.
Physical and Chemical Properties
- As molecular mass increases in a homologous series, melting and boiling points rise.
- Physical properties such as solubility vary with molecular mass.
- Chemical properties are dictated by the functional group, remaining consistent across a homologous series.
Alcohols Comparison
- Differences in formulae and molecular masses are observed among:
- CH3OH (Methanol) and C2H5OH (Ethanol)
- C2H5OH (Ethanol) and C3H7OH (Propanol)
- C3H7OH (Propanol) and C4H9OH (Butanol)
- All compounds are non-conductors of electricity, indicating a lack of ions.
Carbon's Electronic Configuration
- Atomic number of carbon is 6, having the electronic configuration of 2, 4.
- Four valence electrons make carbon unique in forming covalent bonds rather than ionic.
- Carbon shares electrons with itself or other elements to achieve noble gas configuration.
Molecular Structures of Alkanes
- Common alkanes include:
- Methane: CH4
- Ethane: C2H6
- Propane: C3H8
- Butane: C4H10
- Pentane: C5H12
- Hexane: C6H14
Structural Isomers
- Butane exhibits structural isomerism with different arrangements of carbon atoms but the same molecular formula (C4H10).
- Isomers include straight-chain and branched forms.
Cyclic Hydrocarbons
- Cyclohexane has the formula C6H12.
- Cyclohexane can be represented with different structural formats.
Hydrocarbons Classification
- Hydrocarbons consist solely of carbon and hydrogen.
- Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) have single bonds; unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes) possess one or more double bonds, illustrated by benzene (C6H6).
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Description
This quiz covers the homologous series of alkanes and alkenes, including their general formulas and molecular mass differences. Explore how compounds in these series differ by -CH2- units and their physical and chemical properties. Test your knowledge on the key concepts related to hydrocarbons.
