Hominin Evolution Overview

An extinct hominin species that lived between 1.7 million years ago and 18,000 years ago. They were characterized by their small size, with some individuals reaching heights of only 3 feet, and their hunting of dwarf elephants on the Indonesian island of Flores.

A group of hominins that lived between approximately 1.7 million years ago to around 0.2 million years ago. Known for their larger brains, long and low frontal area, prominent brow ridges, and relatively small teeth compared to previous hominins. They were also taller and heavier than their predecessors.

A group of hominins that appeared around 0.5 million years ago. Characterized by their increased cranial capacity, suggesting larger brains compared to previous hominins. They are seen as transitional between Homo erectus and Homo sapiens.

A distinct feature found in Homo erectus, characterized by enlarged pulp cavities in the molar teeth, suggesting larger and more complex tooth roots.

The classification of later hominins is complex and controversial. They are often seen as a continuum between Homo erectus and Homo sapiens, making it difficult to define them as separate species. Some argue that they are instead later varieties of a single species, Homo.

A hypothesis suggesting that modern humans evolved in Africa and then migrated to other regions, replacing pre-existing archaic populations.

A hypothesis proposing that modern humans evolved in different regions of the world simultaneously, with continuous gene flow between these populations.

A theory suggesting that modern humans from Africa interbred with archaic populations in other regions, contributing to the genetic makeup of modern humans.

A period in human history characterized by the emergence of modern humans and their spread around the world, marked by significant technological and cultural advancements.

Small, razor-like blade fragments used to create composite tools.

A technological innovation of the Upper Paleolithic, these blades were often thinner and longer than previous tool types, offering greater versatility for tasks.

A type of tool used in the Upper Paleolithic, often made from bone, antler, and stone, exhibiting finer craftsmanship than tools from previous periods.

Cave paintings, engravings, and other forms of artistic expression found in Upper Paleolithic sites, offering insights into early human culture and belief systems.

The use of materials and objects obtained from distant locations, reflecting trade networks and social interactions among Upper Paleolithic groups.

In Upper Paleolithic times, tools made from bone, antler, and stone were used for various tasks. They often displayed superior craftsmanship compared to earlier tools.

The development of states leads to larger, denser populations, increased agricultural production, specialized labor, and urban centers. These cities often serve as hubs for trade and defense.

The formation of states often leads to a stratified society with different levels of power and wealth, creating an underclass that is more vulnerable to poverty and disease.

Environmental degradation from deforestation, overuse of agricultural land, and unsustainable practices can contribute to the decline and collapse of state societies.

The collapse of ancient states is often linked to environmental degradation and unsustainable practices. Examples include the Akkadian empire and the Puebloan cultures.

The ability of a society to adapt to changing conditions, like climate change, is crucial for survival. The Greenland Norse, for example, failed to adapt and ultimately perished.

A disease that spreads rapidly and affects a large portion of a population that has never been exposed to it before, or has not been exposed for a long time.

A concept that has been used in biology to classify humans into distinct races based on physical characteristics. However, this concept is considered invalid because it doesn't accurately reflect the biological reality of human diversity.

A practice in America where a child of mixed-race ancestry is assigned the racial classification of the parent with lower social status.

The period in human history where people started settling in one place and cultivating crops (farming).

The practice of collecting a wide variety of food resources from a specific environment, often leading to a more settled lifestyle.

The cultivation of plants for food, often in small-scale gardens or fields.

The process of intentionally selecting specific traits in plants or animals during breeding, leading to changes in their physical characteristics.

A large ancient settlement in Turkey, known for its interconnected houses made of adobe bricks and evidence of trade and surplus food production.

The process of planting, growing, and harvesting crops in a more organized and intensive way, often using tools and techniques like plowing and irrigation.

The period in human history marked by the development of farming, sedentism, and the increased use of tools and technology.

An atlatl is a tool used to throw spears, increasing both range and force. Developed by indigenous peoples worldwide, its name derives from the Aztec word for "spear-thrower".

The Clovis culture, known for its distinctive fluted spear points, flourished in North America around 13,200-12,900 years ago. These skilled hunters relied on large game for sustenance, using advanced tools for their hunting pursuits.

The dominant theory for the arrival of the first people in the Americas posits a migration across a land bridge called Beringia, located between Siberia and Alaska, now submerged. They then traversed an ice-free corridor along the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains to reach the southern regions of the continent.

Three key lines of evidence support the migration of humans into the Americas: language families, dental characteristics, and genetic similarities. These areas of research provide valuable insights into the origins and interconnectedness of indigenous populations.

Upper Palaeolithic art, dating back thousands of years, showcases remarkable artistic expression and skill. Cave paintings, beads, carvings, and rock art depict animals and human figures, providing insights into ancient beliefs, rituals, and lives.

"Venus" figurines, typically faceless representations of women, are found across various ancient sites. While their exact purpose remains debated, theories suggest they represent fertility, self-expression, or a wider religious belief system.

Dolni Vestonice, a settlement dating back to 25,000 years ago, reveals a well-planned community with huts housing 20-25 individuals, totalling a population of around 100. Unique features like a wall made partially from mammoth bones and a hut with an oven and potential musical instruments provide insights into their lifestyle.

Bergmann's Rule states that body size tends to increase in colder environments. Larger bodies have a smaller surface area to volume ratio, which helps retain heat more effectively.

Allen's Rule suggests that protruding body parts, like limbs, are shorter in colder climates to minimize heat loss. Conversely, longer limbs are more advantageous in warmer climates to dissipate heat.

Gloger's Rule explains that populations in warmer, humid climates tend to have more melanin, a pigment that contributes to darker skin, feathers, or fur. This helps protect from harmful UV radiation.

The idea that the development of complex societies (states) was driven by the need to manage large-scale irrigation systems, particularly in areas with fertile river valleys.

A theory suggesting that states emerge when population growth in a geographically or socially limited area leads to competition, warfare, and the subordination of defeated groups.

The development of ancient Sumer, located in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq), was marked by the emergence of complex societies, including city-states, advanced technology, and social stratification. It is considered one of the earliest civilizations in the world.

The development of Teotihuacan, an ancient city in Mesoamerica (modern-day Mexico), was characterized by its monumental architecture, highly organized city planning, and a complex social structure. It was a major center of trade and political power.

A period in ancient Sumerian history, spanning from 4000 to 3100 BCE, marked by the formation of the first states in the region. It is notable for its advanced technology, sophisticated social organization, and the development of cuneiform writing.

A type of writing system developed by the ancient Sumerians, using wedge-shaped characters impressed on clay tablets. It was used for record-keeping, literature, and communication.

A type of social organization characterized by a hierarchical structure with a centralized authority figure, typically a chief, who controls and manages resources and power.

The idea that trade and exchange of goods played a significant role in the emergence of early states, providing the basis for economic growth and the development of complex social structures.

Jared Diamond's hypothesis, presented in his book Guns, Germs, and Steel, suggests that geographic factors, particularly the availability of domesticable plants and animals, influenced the development of different societies and led to varying levels of technological and social progress.

The presence of abundant and productive crops in a region can lead to food surpluses, allowing for specialization of labor, technological advancements, and the development of complex social structures.