25 Questions
Which internal body fluid delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues?
Blood
What is the main medium through which substances are exchanged between cells and blood?
Interstitial fluid
Which of the following plays a vital role in maintaining the relative constancy of the internal environment of the body?
Nervous system
What happens to carbon dioxide and wastes carried away from tissue cells?
They are brought back into the blood.
Which body fluid bathes the body’s cells but is not blood?
Interstitial fluid
Which organ system contributes to homeostasis by regulating physiological processes?
Endocrine system
What is the main purpose of interstitial fluid in the body?
Facilitating exchange of substances between cells and blood
How do body systems help maintain homeostasis?
By responding to disturbances and limiting internal changes.
What is the primary function of the nervous and endocrine systems?
To coordinate the activities of other organ systems
How does the nervous system transmit signals?
Through electrochemical signals
Which of the following best describes the effects of the endocrine system?
Slow and long-lasting
What happens when glucose enters the blood after a meal?
The pancreas secretes insulin, and glucose is stored in the liver as glycogen
What happens if blood glucose levels drop?
Glycogen is broken down to release glucose, maintaining blood glucose levels
What is the primary issue in diabetes mellitus?
Both A and C
What happens when cells cannot take up glucose in diabetes mellitus?
Cells use fats and proteins for energy
What is a consequence of having too much glucose in the blood in diabetes mellitus?
It leads to numerous complications
What is the primary homeostatic mechanism that maintains a variable close to a specific value?
Negative feedback
Which organ in the body is responsible for helping regulate the acid-base balance?
Lungs
What is the role of the kidneys in homeostasis?
Adjusting pH by eliminating acidic and basic substances
Which part of the body detects a change in the internal environment during a homeostatic mechanism?
Sensor
What happens when the body temperature rises above normal?
Blood vessels dilate and sweat glands secrete
What is the effect of the hypothalamus when body temperature falls below normal?
Blood vessels constrict
In the context of homeostasis, what is the purpose of shivering when body temperature is low?
To warm the body up
What is the main effect of dilating blood vessels during temperature regulation?
Increasing blood flow to the skin
How does carbonic acid form in the blood during the regulation of acid-base balance?
Carbon dioxide combines with water
Study Notes
Homeostasis
- Represents the relative constancy of the internal environment of the body
- Body systems help maintain homeostasis by regulating their physiological processes
- Physiological mechanisms respond to disturbances and limit the amount of internal change
The Internal Environment
- Consists of two parts: blood and interstitial fluid
- Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and carries away carbon dioxide and wastes
- Interstitial fluid bathes the body's cells and is the medium through which substances are exchanged between cells and blood
Body Systems and Homeostasis
- All organ systems contribute to homeostasis in many ways
- Nervous and endocrine systems are particularly important in coordinating the activities of all the other organ systems
- Nervous system issues commands by electrochemical signals to effector organs
- Endocrine system brings about slower responses with more lasting effects
Glucose Regulation
- Blood glucose level is maintained through pancreatic secretion of insulin
- Insulin triggers glucose uptake by cells, and excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver
- Glycogen can be broken down to maintain constant blood glucose levels when needed
Homeostatic Failure
- Diabetes mellitus occurs when the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin or body cells cannot respond appropriately
- Glucose does not enter cells, leading to the use of alternative energy sources and complications
Acid-Base Balance
- Carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid, but pH remains within normal range due to buffering
- Lungs excrete carbon dioxide, and kidneys rid the body of acidic and basic substances to maintain pH balance
Negative Feedback
- Primary homeostatic mechanism that keeps a variable close to a particular value or set point
- Mechanism consists of at least two components: a sensor and a control center
- Sensor detects changes, and control center brings about an effect to return to normal
Regulation of Body Temperature
- Hypothalamus senses changes in body temperature
- When temperature rises, blood vessels dilate, and sweat glands secrete to return to normal
- When temperature falls, blood vessels constrict, and shivering may occur to bring temperature back to normal
Learn about homeostasis and how the body systems maintain internal balance through physiological processes. Explore the components of the internal environment including blood and interstitial fluid.
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