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Questions and Answers
Which internal body fluid delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues?
Which internal body fluid delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues?
- Synovial fluid
- Lymph
- Blood (correct)
- Cerebrospinal fluid
What is the main medium through which substances are exchanged between cells and blood?
What is the main medium through which substances are exchanged between cells and blood?
- Blood plasma
- Cerebrospinal fluid
- Interstitial fluid (correct)
- Lymph
Which of the following plays a vital role in maintaining the relative constancy of the internal environment of the body?
Which of the following plays a vital role in maintaining the relative constancy of the internal environment of the body?
- Excretory system
- Respiratory system
- Endocrine system
- Nervous system (correct)
What happens to carbon dioxide and wastes carried away from tissue cells?
What happens to carbon dioxide and wastes carried away from tissue cells?
Which body fluid bathes the body’s cells but is not blood?
Which body fluid bathes the body’s cells but is not blood?
Which organ system contributes to homeostasis by regulating physiological processes?
Which organ system contributes to homeostasis by regulating physiological processes?
What is the main purpose of interstitial fluid in the body?
What is the main purpose of interstitial fluid in the body?
How do body systems help maintain homeostasis?
How do body systems help maintain homeostasis?
What is the primary function of the nervous and endocrine systems?
What is the primary function of the nervous and endocrine systems?
How does the nervous system transmit signals?
How does the nervous system transmit signals?
Which of the following best describes the effects of the endocrine system?
Which of the following best describes the effects of the endocrine system?
What happens when glucose enters the blood after a meal?
What happens when glucose enters the blood after a meal?
What happens if blood glucose levels drop?
What happens if blood glucose levels drop?
What is the primary issue in diabetes mellitus?
What is the primary issue in diabetes mellitus?
What happens when cells cannot take up glucose in diabetes mellitus?
What happens when cells cannot take up glucose in diabetes mellitus?
What is a consequence of having too much glucose in the blood in diabetes mellitus?
What is a consequence of having too much glucose in the blood in diabetes mellitus?
What is the primary homeostatic mechanism that maintains a variable close to a specific value?
What is the primary homeostatic mechanism that maintains a variable close to a specific value?
Which organ in the body is responsible for helping regulate the acid-base balance?
Which organ in the body is responsible for helping regulate the acid-base balance?
What is the role of the kidneys in homeostasis?
What is the role of the kidneys in homeostasis?
Which part of the body detects a change in the internal environment during a homeostatic mechanism?
Which part of the body detects a change in the internal environment during a homeostatic mechanism?
What happens when the body temperature rises above normal?
What happens when the body temperature rises above normal?
What is the effect of the hypothalamus when body temperature falls below normal?
What is the effect of the hypothalamus when body temperature falls below normal?
In the context of homeostasis, what is the purpose of shivering when body temperature is low?
In the context of homeostasis, what is the purpose of shivering when body temperature is low?
What is the main effect of dilating blood vessels during temperature regulation?
What is the main effect of dilating blood vessels during temperature regulation?
How does carbonic acid form in the blood during the regulation of acid-base balance?
How does carbonic acid form in the blood during the regulation of acid-base balance?
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Study Notes
Homeostasis
- Represents the relative constancy of the internal environment of the body
- Body systems help maintain homeostasis by regulating their physiological processes
- Physiological mechanisms respond to disturbances and limit the amount of internal change
The Internal Environment
- Consists of two parts: blood and interstitial fluid
- Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and carries away carbon dioxide and wastes
- Interstitial fluid bathes the body's cells and is the medium through which substances are exchanged between cells and blood
Body Systems and Homeostasis
- All organ systems contribute to homeostasis in many ways
- Nervous and endocrine systems are particularly important in coordinating the activities of all the other organ systems
- Nervous system issues commands by electrochemical signals to effector organs
- Endocrine system brings about slower responses with more lasting effects
Glucose Regulation
- Blood glucose level is maintained through pancreatic secretion of insulin
- Insulin triggers glucose uptake by cells, and excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver
- Glycogen can be broken down to maintain constant blood glucose levels when needed
Homeostatic Failure
- Diabetes mellitus occurs when the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin or body cells cannot respond appropriately
- Glucose does not enter cells, leading to the use of alternative energy sources and complications
Acid-Base Balance
- Carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid, but pH remains within normal range due to buffering
- Lungs excrete carbon dioxide, and kidneys rid the body of acidic and basic substances to maintain pH balance
Negative Feedback
- Primary homeostatic mechanism that keeps a variable close to a particular value or set point
- Mechanism consists of at least two components: a sensor and a control center
- Sensor detects changes, and control center brings about an effect to return to normal
Regulation of Body Temperature
- Hypothalamus senses changes in body temperature
- When temperature rises, blood vessels dilate, and sweat glands secrete to return to normal
- When temperature falls, blood vessels constrict, and shivering may occur to bring temperature back to normal
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