Homeostasis & Body Terms Unit 1

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of anatomy?

Location of body parts

Structure of body parts (correct)

Function of body parts

Development of body parts

In anatomical position, how are the arms positioned?

Crossed over the chest

Extended to the sides (correct)

Hanging down

Raised above the head

Which of the following is NOT a part of a homeostatic control mechanism?

Control center

Receptor

Effector

Stimulus (correct)

What happens when body temperature falls below the set point?

Shivering begins Signup and view all the answers

When blood sugar levels are high, what does the pancreas secrete?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about anatomical position is true?

The feet are together and facing forward Signup and view all the answers

What defines homeostasis in an organism?

Ability to maintain internal balance Signup and view all the answers

What is a common example of a negative feedback loop in the human body?

Shivering to increase body temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) during the ovarian cycle?

Triggers the release of the egg from the follicle Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the corpus luteum form?

Immediately after ovulation Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone peaks just before ovulation and then drops down until menses?

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the endometrium if implantation of the fertilized egg does not occur?

It sheds during menses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the process that occurs if pregnancy does take place?

The corpus luteum continues hormone secretion until the placenta takes over Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of progesterone during the menstrual cycle?

Prevents ovulation of new eggs Signup and view all the answers

Which structure do zygotes develop into as they move down the uterine tube?

Blastocyst Signup and view all the answers

What role does estrogen play in the ovarian cycle?

Initiates the thickening of the endometrium Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the first two weeks of the menstrual cycle regarding follicle development?

Multiple follicles begin to grow under the influence of FSH Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the fimbriae in the female reproductive system?

They assist in the movement of the egg towards the uterus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the left atrioventricular valve?

Regulate blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between diffusion and filtration?

Diffusion moves molecules from high to low concentration, while filtration moves molecules due to pressure Signup and view all the answers

What activates osteoclasts during bone remodeling?

Parathyroid hormone Signup and view all the answers

Where are nutrients primarily absorbed in the digestive system?

Small intestine Signup and view all the answers

What part of the skeleton is responsible for protecting the brain and organs of the thorax?

Axial skeleton Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the muscle attachment point that remains stationary during contraction?

Origin Signup and view all the answers

What are the long-term storage forms of energy in the body?

Glycogen and fat/lipids Signup and view all the answers

What happens during pulmonary edema?

Fluid accumulation in alveolar spaces Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle cells are responsible for voluntary movement?

Skeletal muscle cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of HDL cholesterol?

Scrape excess cholesterol off arterial walls Signup and view all the answers

What role does the diaphragm play in breathing?

Both B and C are correct. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure stores bile in the digestive system?

Gallbladder Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of hemoglobin in the blood?

To carry oxygen to systemic cells Signup and view all the answers

What describes the process of peristalsis in the digestive tract?

Muscular contraction to push food Signup and view all the answers

What effect does muscle atrophy have on muscle cells?

It leads to muscle wasting. Signup and view all the answers

How does the body primarily break down glucose to produce ATP?

Aerobic respiration in the mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the lungs allows for gas exchange to occur efficiently?

Alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in terms of ATP produced?

Aerobic produces 36 ATP, anaerobic produces 2 ATP. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of sphincters in the digestive system?

Prevent backflow of digestive contents Signup and view all the answers

What are the tunics found in arteries?

Tunica externa, tunica media, and tunica intima Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Type 1 from Type 2 diabetes in terms of insulin production?

Type 1 has little to no insulin production Signup and view all the answers

What happens during external respiration?

Exchange of gases between alveoli and pulmonary capillary blood. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the enzyme amylase?

Break down carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

What happens to arteries when they experience high pressure blood flow?

They contract and thicken. Signup and view all the answers

What structures are responsible for the mechanical digestion of food?

Teeth and stomach muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical stage of the monthly cycle when an egg is fertile?

Ovulatory phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cilia in the respiratory system?

To sweep debris out of air passages. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main layers of the heart wall?

Myocardium and endocardium Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of glucagon when blood sugar levels are low?

Facilitate hydrolysis of glycogen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tissues is characterized by a dense matrix that supports and protects organs?

Osseous Tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes fibrocartilage?

Highly compressible and collagen-filled Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of tendons in the body?

Connect muscles to bones Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the bones?

Support the body and protect internal organs Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood calcium levels when they drop?

Osteoclasts are activated to release calcium Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the axial skeleton?

Contains the skull and vertebral column Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the healing process of broken bones?

Development of a hematoma Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes yellow bone marrow?

Composed mostly of adipose tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is a major change in the skeleton from embryo to adulthood?

Hyaline cartilage becomes bone Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of osteoblasts?

Form bone by secreting osteoid Signup and view all the answers

How do muscle and bone repair compared to tendons and ligaments?

Faster due to better blood supply Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of articular cartilage?

Protects and reduces friction on bone ends Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue connects bone to bone?

Dense Connective Tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the myocardium?

To act as cardiac muscle tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence correctly represents the path blood takes starting from the vena cava to the aorta?

Vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta Signup and view all the answers

Why is the left ventricle more muscular than the right ventricle?

It pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body Signup and view all the answers

What role do coronary arteries play in the heart?

Bring oxygenated blood to cardiac muscle cells Signup and view all the answers

What could happen if severe hypertension is left untreated?

Damage to glomerular capillaries in the kidneys Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change occurs during a panic response?

Higher blood pressure for rapid glucose delivery Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes stroke volume?

The amount of blood pumped per heartbeat Signup and view all the answers

What happens during systole?

The ventricles contract and push blood out of the heart Signup and view all the answers

How does mitral valve failure affect cardiac output?

Leads to backflow in the left atrium Signup and view all the answers

What does measuring blood pressure tell you?

The pressure of blood against arterial walls Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the heart initiates the contraction signal?

Sinoatrial node Signup and view all the answers

How does an athlete's heart differ from a sedentary person's heart?

It has a lower heart rate at rest Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pulmonary circuit?

Transport deoxygenated blood to the lungs Signup and view all the answers

Which vessel has the highest blood pressure?

Aorta Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Unit 1: Homeostasis & Body Terms

Anatomy vs. Physiology: Anatomy is the study of body structure, while physiology is the study of body function.
Anatomical Position: Body facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward. Always describe relative locations (e.g., left of, medial to).
Body Cavities: The body is divided into cavities. Key cavities include cranial (skull), spinal, thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic.
Homeostasis: The ability of an organism to maintain internal balance. Example: regulating temperature.
Homeostatic Control: Three parts: Receptor (detects change), control center (processes information), effector (responds to maintain balance.)
Negative Feedback Loops: Mechanisms that maintain a set point by returning the body to baseline.
- Set Point: A target value for a physiological variable (e.g., body temperature).
- Example: Body Temperature: If the body temperature exceeds 98.6°F, sweating occurs to cool the body. If it falls below, shivering and blood vessel constriction occur to raise it.
- Example: Blood Sugar: High blood sugar activates the pancreas to release insulin, which moves glucose into cells. Low blood sugar activates the pancreas to release glucagon, which releases glucose into the blood.
Positive Feedback Loops: Mechanisms that move away from a set point. Example: childbirth

Unit 2 Connective Tissue & Skeletal System

Tissue: Similar cells working together.
Extracellular Matrix: Non-cellular component of connective tissue.
Interstitial Fluid: Fluid surrounding cells.
Connective Tissue Types:
- Adipose: Insulation, energy storage.
- Hyaline: Forms the larynx, costal cartilages of ribs. Supports various structures.
- Dense Connective: Tough tissue (ligaments, tendons). Ligaments connect bone to bone; tendons connect muscle to bone.
- Osseous (Bone): Supports/protects, forms blood cells.
- Areolar: Holds organs in place, cushions.
- Fibrocartilage: Highly compressible, found between vertebrae.
- Blood: Composed of cells suspended in a fluid matrix.
Bone Cells:
- Osteoblasts: Form bone.
- Osteocytes: Mature bone cells.
- Osteoclasts: Break down bone.
Tendons vs. Ligaments: Both dense connective tissue. Tendons connect muscle to bone (movement); ligaments connect bone to bone (stability).
Bone Marrow:
- Yellow: Mostly adipose tissue.
- Red: Produces blood cells.
Bone Development: Hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone during development; this process is called ossification.
Calcium Regulation in Bone:
- Low Blood Calcium: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) activates osteoclasts to release calcium from bone.
- High Blood Calcium: Osteoblasts deposit calcium in bone tissue.
Bone Structure & Function: Osteoblasts build bone; osteoclasts break down bone; osteocytes monitor bone health; matrix (collagen/minerals) strengthens bone; nerves/blood vessels supply nutrients/communication; marrow creates blood cells.
Bone Classification: Long, short, flat, irregular.
Bone Healing:
- Hematoma formation
- Fibrocartilage callus formation
- Bony callus formation
- Bone remodeling.
Axial vs. Appendicular Skeletons: Axial skeleton includes skull, vertebral column, rib cage; appendicular skeleton includes limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle.
Muscle/Tendons/Ligament Repair: Muscles and bones heal faster than tendons and ligaments due to their better blood supply.
Bone Remodeling: The continuous process of bone resorption and formation. It is involved in calcium homeostasis and bone maintenance.

Unit 3: Muscular System

Muscle Cell Types: Skeletal (voluntary movement), cardiac (heart), smooth (involuntary movement)
Origin vs. Insertion: Origin is the stationary point of attachment, the insertion moves toward the origin.
Graded Muscle Response: The strength of a muscle contraction depends on frequency of stimulation and number of fibers recruited.
ATP Production: Mitochondria are necessary for ATP production in muscle cells.
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration: Aerobic respiration produces more ATP (36) than anaerobic respiration (2).
Muscle Hypertrophy:
- Resistance Training: Increase in myofibril number to increase muscle size and strength and thickening of the connective tissue.

Unit 4: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Respiratory System Function: Gas exchange (O2 in, CO2 out).
Inhalation & Exhalation: Inhalation expands the chest cavity, decreasing lung pressure, drawing air inward. Exhalation contracts the chest cavity, increasing pressure, forcing air outward.
Gas Exchange in Lungs: Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into blood capillaries.
Surfactant: Prevents alveoli from collapsing.
Asthma Attack Physiology: Antigen triggers immune response, causing histamine release and bronchospasm.
Oxygen Transport: Hemoglobin within red blood cells carries oxygen.
Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins:
- Arteries: Thick walls carry blood away from the heart.
- Capillaries: Thin walls for diffusion.
- Veins: Thinner walls carry blood back to the heart.
Heart Layers: Epicardium (outer), myocardium (muscle), endocardium (inner lining).
Pulmonary vs. Systemic Circulation: Pulmonary circuit circulates blood to the lungs for oxygenation; systemic circuit circulates blood throughout the rest of the body.
Blood Flow Through the Heart: Blood enters the right atrium via vena cava, flows through valves to the right ventricle; to the lungs; back to the left atrium via pulmonary veins; through valves to the left ventricle; and finally to the aorta.
Heart Chamber Thicknesses: Atria thin; right ventricle thinner than left ventricle (to accommodate lower-pressure pulmonary circulation)
Heart Blood Supply: Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.
Cardiac Output Factors: Stroke volume, heart rate (influenced by neural, renal, thermal, and chemical factors.)
Blood Pressure: Measures pressure exerted by blood on arterial walls. Highest in the aorta; important for oxygen delivery & muscle reaction.
Hypertension: Blood pressure consistently above 120/80 mmHg.
Mitral Valve Failure: Backflow of blood, lowers stroke volume, increases pulmonary pressure, and may cause pulmonary edema;
Intrinsic Conduction System: SA node, AV node, bundle of His, which signal the heart's contraction.
Heart Valves: Tricuspid, bicuspid/mitral, pulmonary semilunar, aortic semilunar (prevent backflow).
Diffusion vs. Filtration: Diffusion=concentration gradient; filtration = pressure gradient

Unit 5: Digestive System

Nutrient Monomers: glucose
Long-Term Energy Storage: Liver (glycogen), adipose tissue (fat).
Glucose Breakdown: Mitochondria use oxygen to break glucose down into ATP, water, and CO2.
Digestive Enzymes: Amylase, pepsin, bile, trypsin & HCL
LDL/HDL:
- LDL brings cholesterol to cells; excess deposits on arterial walls.
- HDL removes excess cholesterol from arterial walls and brings to the liver. Prevents build-up of plaque.
Peristalsis: Muscular contractions that move food along the digestive tract.
Nutrient Absorption: Small intestine villi increase surface area for absorption.
Electrolytes: Charged atoms/ions.
Water Reabsorption: Large intestine (colon.)
Sphincters: Prevent material movement between digestive structures.
Type 1 Diabetes: Pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin.
Type 2 Diabetes: Body cells don't respond adequately to insulin.
Blood Sugar Homeostasis: Negative feedback loop regulates blood glucose levels using insulin/glucagon, pancreas, cells, and liver. (high blood sugar/low blood sugar)

Unit 6: Reproductive System

Sperm vs. Egg Production: Sperm produced constantly; eggs produced before birth, released during ovulation.
Sperm Pathway: Testes → epididymis → vas deferens → urethra → vagina → uterus → fallopian tube
Egg Fertility Duration: Fertile for 12–24 hours after ovulation.
Female Reproductive Hormones:
- FSH: Stimulates follicle growth.
- LH: Triggers ovulation.
- Estrogen: Prepares endometrium for implantation, breast milk production.
- Progesterone: Further thickens endometrium
Follicle Growth & Ovulation: FSH causes multiple follicles to develop; LH triggers ovulation of the most mature follicle.
Corpus Luteum Formation: Ovulated follicle transforms to corpus luteum, producing hormones; maintains endometrium if fertilized or breaks down if not.
Implantation: Fertilized egg implants in the endometrium.
Endometrial Changes: The endometrium sheds during menstruation; thickens after ovulation; maintains thickness during pregnancy, will shed if not.
Zygote, Blastocyst, Embryo, Fetus:
- Zygote: Fertilized egg (one cell.)
- Blastocyst: Dividing cells, hollow ball structure.
- Embryo: Developing organism (first eight weeks).
- Fetus: Developing organism (after eight weeks).
Reproductive System Structures: (female & male)

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Explore the fundamentals of homeostasis and bodily terms in this Unit 1 quiz. Understand the differences between anatomy and physiology, grasp the importance of anatomical positions, and learn about body cavities and feedback mechanisms. Test your knowledge on how the body maintains internal balance and responds to changes.