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Questions and Answers
What is the function of the integumentary system?
What is the function of the integumentary system?
The muscular system is responsible for protecting and supporting body organs.
The muscular system is responsible for protecting and supporting body organs.
False
What is the primary function of the nervous system?
What is the primary function of the nervous system?
Fast-acting control system that responds to internal and external changes.
The skeletal system is the site of __________ formation.
The skeletal system is the site of __________ formation.
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Match the organ systems with their primary functions:
Match the organ systems with their primary functions:
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Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the endocrine system?
Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the endocrine system?
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The lymphatic system is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide.
The lymphatic system is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide.
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What system is responsible for the transportation of nutrients and wastes in the body?
What system is responsible for the transportation of nutrients and wastes in the body?
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The _____ system is involved in regulating growth and metabolism through hormone secretion.
The _____ system is involved in regulating growth and metabolism through hormone secretion.
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Match the following organ systems with their main functions:
Match the following organ systems with their main functions:
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What substance is NOT typically transported by the cardiovascular system?
What substance is NOT typically transported by the cardiovascular system?
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The lymphatic system plays no role in the immune response.
The lymphatic system plays no role in the immune response.
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What is the primary function of the reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the reproductive system?
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Homeostasis is about maintaining changes in the internal environment.
Homeostasis is about maintaining changes in the internal environment.
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What does homeostatic imbalance result in?
What does homeostatic imbalance result in?
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Homeostasis is necessary for _____ body functioning.
Homeostasis is necessary for _____ body functioning.
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Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is NOT a component of homeostasis?
Which of the following is NOT a component of homeostasis?
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For cells to survive, the composition of interstitial fluid must remain constant.
For cells to survive, the composition of interstitial fluid must remain constant.
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Describe the relationship between homeostasis and life.
Describe the relationship between homeostasis and life.
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A disturbance in homeostasis results in _____ .
A disturbance in homeostasis results in _____ .
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What is one of the consequences of a failure in homeostasis?
What is one of the consequences of a failure in homeostasis?
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Which part of the body acts as the coordinating center for thermoregulation?
Which part of the body acts as the coordinating center for thermoregulation?
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The body temperature decreases when blood vessels dilate and sweating is initiated.
The body temperature decreases when blood vessels dilate and sweating is initiated.
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What physiological response occurs in cold stress to conserve heat?
What physiological response occurs in cold stress to conserve heat?
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During heat stress, the hypothalamus turns on the __________ system to cool the body.
During heat stress, the hypothalamus turns on the __________ system to cool the body.
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Match the thermoregulatory responses with the correct scenario:
Match the thermoregulatory responses with the correct scenario:
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What happens to the hair follicles in cold stress?
What happens to the hair follicles in cold stress?
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Skeletal muscles relax during cold stress to help increase body temperature.
Skeletal muscles relax during cold stress to help increase body temperature.
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What role do thermoreceptors play in thermoregulation?
What role do thermoreceptors play in thermoregulation?
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The __________ respond to heat stress by initiating sweating.
The __________ respond to heat stress by initiating sweating.
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What is the ultimate result when the hypothalamus activates the cooling system?
What is the ultimate result when the hypothalamus activates the cooling system?
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Study Notes
Homeostasis & Excretion
- Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment
- Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life
- Homeostatic imbalance is a disturbance in homeostasis, resulting in disease
- The body's cells require a stable internal environment (interstitial fluid) for survival and proper function
- The composition and temperature of the interstitial fluid must remain much the same
- Homeostasis involves the optimal concentration of gases, nutrients, and ions in the internal environment
- The body regulates homeostasis through neural and hormonal control systems
Structural Levels of the Body
- Chemical level: Atoms combine to form molecules
- Cellular level: Molecules form organelles, which make up cells
- Tissue level: Similar cells form tissues
- Organ level: Different tissues combine to form organs
- Organ system level: Organs work together to form an organ system
- Organism level: Organ systems work together to form an organism
Organ System Overview
- Integumentary: Forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissues and regulates body temperature
- Skeletal: Protects and supports body organs; provides muscle attachments for movement; site of blood cell formation and mineral storage
- Muscular: Produces movement; maintains posture; produces heat
- Nervous: Fast-acting control system; responds to internal and external changes; activates muscles and glands
- Endocrine: Secretes regulatory hormones; controls growth, reproduction and metabolism
- Cardiovascular: Transports materials in the body via blood pumped by the heart (Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Nutrients, Wastes)
- Lymphatic: Returns fluids to blood vessels; cleanses the blood and involved in immunity
- Respiratory: Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
- Digestive: Breaks down food; allows for nutrient absorption into the blood; eliminates indigestible material
- Urinary: Eliminates nitrogenous wastes; maintains acid-base balance; regulates water and electrolytes
- Reproductive: Produces offspring
Feedback Mechanisms
- Negative feedback is a control mechanism that acts against a change to return to a set point
- Negative feedback is used extensively to regulate homeostasis
- Negative feedback mechanisms shut off or reduce the initiating stimulus
- The response to the stimulus is negative, meaning it is in the opposite direction to the stimulus
- Negative feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis
Thermoregulation
- All mammals maintain a constant body temperature (37ºC)
- Vasodilation occurs when the body temperature rises, blood vessels dilate to allow heat to be lost from the skin via convection and radiation
- Vasoconstriction occurs when the body temperature falls, blood vessels constrict to reduce blood flow near the surface, which reduce heat loss
- Heat loss via sweating is regulated by thermoreceptors in the skin, which detect an increase in body temperature
- The hypothalamus signals to the sweat glands to initiate sweating
- Evaporation off the skin causes cooling down
- The hypothalamus also sends messages to the blood vessels in the skin causing them to dilate, this allows more blood flow to the skin, where heat can be lost
- Heat from the blood is lost to the skin, allowing blood to return to the core of the body, controlling internal organs
- Thermoreceptors monitor changes in temperature
- The hypothalamus is the coordinating center and turns on the cooling system
- Skin blood vessels dilate and sweat glands initiate sweating, cooling the body
- Heat stress causes the body temperature to decrease; the hypothalamus turn the cooling system off
- During cold stress thermoreceptors message the hypothalamus, sends signals to constrict blood vessels to conserve heat, smooth muscles contract (causing hair to stand on end), skeletal muscles contract (causing shivering) , metabolic rate increases to produce heat to restore normal body temperature
Glucose Homeostasis
- Cells need a precise level of glucose in the blood to function properly
- Glucose moves into cells for cellular respiration
- Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver
- Glucose levels are regulated by the hormones insulin and glucagon that are produced by the pancreas
- Insulin helps reduce sugar levels to reduce blood sugar and allows extra glucose to be stored in glycogen
- Glucagon helps increase sugar levels, releasing glucose when blood sugar is too low
- Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are characterized by abnormal glucose regulation
Water Conservation
- The control of water levels is carried out by the kidneys
- Kidneys excrete urea, a waste product formed when the liver breaks down proteins
- Urea contains nitrogen
- Urine is excreted via the ureter and stored in the bladder
Urinary/Excretory System Functions
- Excretion
- Blood volume and blood pressure control
- pH regulation
- Concentration of solutes
Components of the Urinary System
- 2 kidneys
- 2 ureters
- 1 urinary bladder
- 1 urethra
The Kidneys
- Kidneys filter blood of waste products and control the amount of water in the body
- Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney; there are over 1 million nephrons per kidney
- The filtration process takes place in the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
- Reabsorption of useful materials (glucose, ions, water) into the blood occurs in parts of the nephron
Components of a Nephron
- Renal corpuscle (Bowman's capsule and glomerulus)
- Proximal tubule
- Loop of Henle
- Distal tubule
- Collecting duct
Urine Formation
- Ultrafiltration: Blood enters capillaries where a network of capillaries forms a small knot called glomerulus, filtering small particles (glucose, water and ions) into the kidney tubule.
- Reabsorption: The body needs glucose in the blood for cellular respiration, thus glucose is transported from the tubule back into the capillary
- Reabsorption of water and ions: Water and ions are reabsorbed depending on the body's needs
- Excretion: Everything that is left (waste products such as urea and excess water) in the kidney tubule goes to the collecting ducts, and this waste is call urine which is eliminated from the body via the ureter to the bladder
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Regulation
- ADH is released when blood solute concentration increases or blood pressure decreases
- ADH causes kidneys to absorb more water, decreasing urine volume
- The result maintains blood volume and blood pressure
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of homeostasis and the structural levels of the body with this quiz. Understand how the body maintains a stable internal environment and the hierarchy from chemical to organism level. Test your knowledge on these fundamental biological principles.
