Homeostasis and Thermoregulation

It stimulates contractions of the uterus, aiding the movement of sperm.

Because it controls other endocrine glands, though its release of hormones is stimulated by the hypothalamus.

The anterior lobe produces its own hormones, while the posterior lobe stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

<p>Prolactin contributes to the development of mammary glands and stimulates breast milk production after birth, while oxytocin aids in uterine contractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nervous system control and negative feedback systems help regulate how hormones are released by the hypothalamus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exocrine glands release secretions into ducts leading outside the body or into cavities, while endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein hormones are hydrophilic and soluble in water, whereas steroid hormones are hydrophobic and insoluble in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water-soluble hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane, forming a hormone-receptor complex that activates adenylyl cyclase, resulting in the production of cyclic AMP to activate enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse through membranes, bind to receptors in the cytoplasm, and the hormone-receptor complex then moves to the nucleus to activate or deactivate specific genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hypothalamus produces releasing hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland to release various hormones, thus regulating key body functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homeostasis is the maintenance of a steady internal state despite changes in the external environment, and it is crucial for the proper functioning of cells and overall health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three functional components are receptors that receive stimuli, a control center that integrates information, and effectors that perform responses to restore balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative feedback systems restore conditions to their original state, while positive feedback systems amplify changes, moving the controlled variable further from a steady state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thermoregulation is the maintenance of body temperature, where ectotherms rely on external temperatures for metabolic regulation, whereas endotherms maintain constant body temperatures internally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hypothalamus releases hormones that stimulate or inhibit hormone production from the anterior pituitary, and it is controlled by the nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An example of negative feedback is the regulation of blood glucose levels, where increased glucose triggers insulin release to lower blood sugar levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative feedback systems regulate the release of hypothalamic hormones by ensuring that hormone levels remain within a specific range, thereby preventing overproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates blood pressure and water reabsorption, while oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk release in females.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GnRH stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypothalamic hormones are secreted into the blood via nerve endings and transported through the portal vein to the pituitary gland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two types of hyperglycemia are postprandial hyperglycemia, which is blood sugar higher than 180 mg/dL two hours after eating, and fasting hyperglycemia, which is blood sugar higher than 130 mg/dL after not eating for 8 hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three symptoms of hypoglycemia include sweating, dizziness, and irritability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla under nervous system control during stressful situations such as danger, emotional excitement, or physical injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epinephrine increases heart rate, which enhances blood circulation during stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infection or illness can increase stress hormones in the body, leading to increased blood sugar levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoglycemia is defined as having a blood sugar level lower than 70 mg/dL.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two causes of hyperglycemia are forgetting to take insulin and consuming too many carbohydrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During stress response, blood vessels in the digestive system constrict, reducing blood flow and slowing down digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The testes produce sperm cells and testosterone hormone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anabolic steroids cause premature bone fusing of growth plates, decreasing height potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The seminal vesicle secretes fructose into semen, providing energy for sperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is increased blood flow to local tissues and relaxation of smooth muscles in passages leading to the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>EPO increases red blood cell production, enhancing oxygen delivery to cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The epididymis matures and stores sperm cells in coiled tubules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta blockers slow the heart rate to steady nerves and aim, benefiting sharpshooters and archers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The uterus is the organ where the embryo and fetus develop during pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone and are the site of ova development and ovulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caffeine mimics epinephrine, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and alertness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment, despite fluctuations in the external environment.

A type of feedback system that counteracts changes in the body and brings it back to a set point. It's like a thermostat.

A type of feedback system that amplifies changes in the body. It's like a snowball effect.

The process of maintaining a stable body temperature within a range that enables cells to function efficiently.

Organisms that depend on external sources of heat, like the sun, to regulate their body temperature.

Glands that release substances into ducts that lead outside the body or into body cavities.

Hormones composed of chains of amino acids, soluble in water.

Hormones made from cholesterol, insoluble in water.

A pathway where water-soluble hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane, activating enzymes and causing cellular changes.

A pathway where lipid-soluble hormones diffuse into target cells, bind to receptors in the cytoplasm, and directly affect gene activity.

A region in the brain that controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

Hormones secreted from the hypothalamus travel through the bloodstream to the pituitary gland, influencing its hormone production.

Hormones that stimulate the release of other hormones from the anterior pituitary gland.

Hormones that inhibit the release of other hormones from the anterior pituitary gland.

Hormones produced by the hypothalamus that are stored and released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

The pituitary gland, located in the brain, controls other endocrine glands.

The hypothalamus, a brain region, tells the pituitary when to release hormones.

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland makes its own hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, stress response and reproduction.

Prolactin is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that promotes milk production in lactating mothers.

Blood sugar level higher than 180 mg/dL two hours after eating.

Blood sugar level higher than 130 mg/dL after not eating or drinking for 8 hours.

Low blood sugar level, lower than 70 mg/dL.

The outer layer of the adrenal gland, responsible for producing hormones like cortisol.

The inner region of the adrenal gland, responsible for producing hormones like epinephrine and norepinephrine.

A hormone produced by the adrenal medulla, responsible for preparing the body for 'fight or flight' response.

A hormone produced by the adrenal medulla, contributing to the body's stress response, particularly in situations requiring focused attention and sustained effort.

The set of physiological responses triggered by a stressor, prepare the body for immediate action, helping to survive threatening situations.

This hormone is involved in processes such as muscle development, blood sugar regulation, and immune function. It also promotes the production of red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body.

A type of chemical that affects the body's functions, often acting as a messenger between tissues and organs, regulating vital processes.

A substance that mimics the effects of testosterone, stimulating muscle growth. It's often used illegally to enhance athletic performance but carries serious health risks.

A type of hormone that plays a crucial role in the development and function of male reproductive organs. It's responsible for the characteristic features of men, such as muscle growth, deep voice, and facial hair.

A male reproductive organ that produces sperm cells, which carry genetic information, and testosterone, a key hormone for male development and sexual function.

A substance that decreases heart rate, useful for calming nerves, especially in athletes who need a steady hand, like sharpshooters or archers.

A hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells (RBCs), which carry oxygen throughout the body. It can enhance athletic performance by increasing oxygen delivery to muscles, leading to greater endurance.

The process of releasing an egg cell (ovum) from an ovary, which happens approximately once a month in women.

A tube in the female reproductive system that connects the ovary to the uterus. It acts as a pathway for the egg to travel during ovulation and for sperm to reach the egg.

A female reproductive organ where a fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus during pregnancy. It also undergoes menstruation.