Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which physiological response exemplifies negative feedback in maintaining homeostasis?
Which physiological response exemplifies negative feedback in maintaining homeostasis?
- The escalating immune response during an infection.
- Increased oxytocin release during childbirth, leading to stronger uterine contractions.
- Blood clotting after an injury to prevent excessive blood loss.
- Shivering when body temperature decreases to generate heat. (correct)
How does the sinoatrial (SA) node contribute to maintaining a stable heart rate?
How does the sinoatrial (SA) node contribute to maintaining a stable heart rate?
- By regulating blood pressure through hormonal signals.
- By controlling the force of ventricular contractions.
- By ensuring the atria and ventricles contract simultaneously.
- By initiating the electrical impulses that trigger each heartbeat. (correct)
What occurs during the QRS complex of an electrocardiogram (ECG)?
What occurs during the QRS complex of an electrocardiogram (ECG)?
- The atria contract.
- The SA node of the heart fires.
- The ventricles contract. (correct)
- The ventricles relax.
What physiological change would most likely result in hypertension?
What physiological change would most likely result in hypertension?
How does cellular respiration directly contribute to the maintenance of body temperature?
How does cellular respiration directly contribute to the maintenance of body temperature?
If a person has a tidal volume of 500 mL, an inspiratory reserve volume of 2500 mL, and an expiratory reserve volume of 1500 mL, what is their vital capacity?
If a person has a tidal volume of 500 mL, an inspiratory reserve volume of 2500 mL, and an expiratory reserve volume of 1500 mL, what is their vital capacity?
During intense exercise, which combination of changes in vital signs is the MOST likely to occur?
During intense exercise, which combination of changes in vital signs is the MOST likely to occur?
How does age affect one's ability to regulate body temperature effectively?
How does age affect one's ability to regulate body temperature effectively?
Which of the following parameters would provide the MOST direct insight into a person's cardiovascular fitness?
Which of the following parameters would provide the MOST direct insight into a person's cardiovascular fitness?
What is the physiological consequence of prolonged hypotension?
What is the physiological consequence of prolonged hypotension?
A doctor uses a stethoscope to listen to a patient's heart. What specific sound is associated with the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves?
A doctor uses a stethoscope to listen to a patient's heart. What specific sound is associated with the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves?
Which of the following feedback mechanisms is activated to lower elevated blood glucose levels after a meal?
Which of the following feedback mechanisms is activated to lower elevated blood glucose levels after a meal?
How does an athlete's heart typically adapt to long-term endurance training, affecting their resting heart rate?
How does an athlete's heart typically adapt to long-term endurance training, affecting their resting heart rate?
During an asthma attack, which lung capacity measurement would be MOST affected?
During an asthma attack, which lung capacity measurement would be MOST affected?
If a patient's blood pressure is consistently around 90/50 mmHg, what condition might they be experiencing?
If a patient's blood pressure is consistently around 90/50 mmHg, what condition might they be experiencing?
What role do the kidneys play in maintaining homeostasis?
What role do the kidneys play in maintaining homeostasis?
A patient's cardiac output is 5600 mL/min and their heart rate is 80 bpm. What is their stroke volume?
A patient's cardiac output is 5600 mL/min and their heart rate is 80 bpm. What is their stroke volume?
What is the primary purpose of using a sphygmomanometer during a medical examination?
What is the primary purpose of using a sphygmomanometer during a medical examination?
Which of the following parameters is NOT directly measured by a spirometer?
Which of the following parameters is NOT directly measured by a spirometer?
Hyperventilation leads to a decrease in carbon dioxide levels in the blood. How does this affect blood's pH?
Hyperventilation leads to a decrease in carbon dioxide levels in the blood. How does this affect blood's pH?
Flashcards
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
Maintaining a stable internal environment despite external changes.
Negative Feedback
Negative Feedback
Restores the body to its normal state, like temperature regulation.
Positive Feedback
Positive Feedback
Amplifies a change away from normal, such as during childbirth.
SA Node
SA Node
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Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
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Lub Sound
Lub Sound
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Dub Sound
Dub Sound
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Systolic Pressure
Systolic Pressure
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Diastolic Pressure
Diastolic Pressure
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Hypertension
Hypertension
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Hypotension
Hypotension
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Sphygmomanometer
Sphygmomanometer
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Cellular Respiration & Thermoregulation
Cellular Respiration & Thermoregulation
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Tidal Volume
Tidal Volume
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
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Expiratory Reserve Volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume
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Vital Capacity
Vital Capacity
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Residual Volume
Residual Volume
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Spirometer
Spirometer
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Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output
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Study Notes
- Study notes follow:
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis maintains a stable internal environment despite external changes.
- The body maintains homeostasis through systems such as sweating for cooling, insulin secretion for blood glucose regulation, and lungs/kidneys for blood pH balance.
- Negative feedback restores the body to normal conditions, exemplified by temperature and heart rate regulation.
- Positive feedback amplifies changes away from normal, such as oxytocin increasing contractions during childbirth.
Heart Rate
- Babies have higher heart rates (over 100 bpm) to support growth needs.
- Athletes have lower heart rates (under 60 bpm) because of more efficient blood pumping.
- The sinoatrial (SA) node acts as the heart's pacemaker.
- The SA node generates the electrical signal initiating each heartbeat.
- An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the heart's electrical signals.
- P wave indicates SA node firing and atrial contraction.
- QRS complex indicates AV node firing and ventricular contraction (lub sound).
- T wave indicates ventricular relaxation (dub sound).
- Lub sound: mitral and tricuspid valves close.
- Dub sound: semilunar valves close.
- Stethoscope measures heart sounds.
- Pulse can be measured at the radial (wrist) or carotid (neck) arteries.
Blood Pressure
- Blood pressure typically increases with age, especially with poor lifestyle choices.
- Systolic pressure is the highest pressure (top number in a reading).
- Diastolic pressure is the lowest pressure (bottom number in a reading).
- Hypertension (high BP) increases the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and kidney failure by making the heart work harder.
- Hypotension (low BP) reduces oxygen delivery to organs, potentially causing dizziness, fainting, or seizures.
- Increased heart rate elevates blood pressure by pumping more blood per minute.
- Sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) measures blood pressure.
Body Temperature
- Children generate heat easily but cool down quickly.
- Elderly individuals struggle to generate heat, especially during illness.
- Cellular respiration in organs like the liver and kidneys releases heat.
- Heat released is a byproduct of cellular respiration (ATP production).
- A thermometer measures body temperature.
Lung Capacity
- Vital Capacity = Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume
- Tidal Volume: the amount of air in a normal breath.
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume: the extra air that can be inhaled.
- Expiratory Reserve Volume: the extra air that can be exhaled.
- Vital Capacity: total usable lung capacity.
- Residual Volume: air left in the lungs after exhaling.
- The full 6 L lung capacity is not normally used but increases with activity.
- Spirometer measures lung capacity.
- Heart rate, blood pressure, and lung capacity contribute to cardiovascular fitness.
- Cardiac Output = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume
- e.g., 70 bpm × 70 mL/beat = 4900 mL/min
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