Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms

False (B)

To secrete glucagon when blood glucose levels fall.

<p>urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 1 = Autoimmune disease affecting insulin production Type 2 = Insulin resistance often due to lifestyle factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may become damaged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High protein diet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>37°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dietary adjustments = Adjusts food intake to manage blood glucose levels Insulin injections = Used to lower blood glucose before meals Exercise = Improves insulin uptake and action Implanted devices = Releases insulin automatically when needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peripheral thermoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain the osmotic concentration gradient in the medulla (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal convoluted tubule = Reabsorption of water, ions, and nutrients Loop of Henle = Establishing osmotic gradient Distal convoluted tubule = Regulation of final water reabsorption Collecting duct = Final urine concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sweating (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To filter blood and produce urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>deamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal artery = Carries blood to the kidney Cortex = Outer region of the kidney Renal vein = Carries filtered blood away from the kidney Ureter = Transport urine from the kidney to the bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ultrafiltration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase blood flow to the skin and enhance heat loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To allow filtration of small molecules only (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>180 litres</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>glomerular filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Afferent arteriole = Wider diameter allows more blood flow Efferent arteriole = Narrower diameter helps maintain pressure Podocytes = Form a network of slits for filtration Proximal convoluted tubule = Main site for reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1200 mOsm</p> Signup and view all the answers

The maintenance of a constant internal environment in a living organism. This involves regulating factors like blood glucose, pH, and body temperature.

A regulatory mechanism that uses the outcome of a process to influence its future course.

A type of feedback where the output of a system amplifies the original stimulus, increasing the gap between the original and new levels.

A type of feedback that reduces the gap between the original and new levels, achieving balance.

The pancreas, a gland that has both exocrine and endocrine functions.

Hormone secreted by alpha cells in the pancreas when blood glucose levels fall. It stimulates the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream.

Hormone secreted by beta cells in the pancreas when blood glucose levels rise. It prompts cells to absorb glucose from the bloodstream and use it for energy.

A condition characterized by chronically elevated blood glucose levels, even during fasting. This can lead to glucose in urine, damage to tissues, and dehydration.

A condition where the body can't use insulin properly due to a lack of insulin receptors or glucose transporters on target cells, leading to high blood sugar levels.

The maintenance of a stable internal body temperature, usually around 37°C.

A regulatory mechanism where a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that counteracts the change, bringing the variable back to the set point.

Specialized nerve endings that detect temperature changes in the body.

Thermoreceptors located in the skin, detecting external temperature changes.

Thermoreceptors located in the core of the body, mainly in the hypothalamus, detecting internal temperature changes.

The constriction of blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the skin and extremities, thereby conserving heat.

Involuntary muscle contractions that generate heat, helping to maintain body temperature.

The dilation of blood vessels, increasing blood flow to the skin and extremities, which helps dissipate heat.

The process by which the body maintains a stable internal water concentration.

The functional units of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.

The process of filtering blood in the glomerulus of the nephron, separating waste products from the blood to create urine.

The breakdown of excess amino acids in the liver, producing ammonia, which is then converted into urea for excretion.

The loop of Henle is a section of the nephron that helps concentrate urine and conserve water by creating a concentration gradient in the medulla of the kidney. It does this by selectively reabsorbing water and solutes in different parts of the loop.

The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to water but not very permeable to solutes. This means water moves out of the filtrate into the medullary interstitium, making the filtrate more concentrated.

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water but permeable to solutes, especially Na+ (sodium). This causes sodium to move out of the filtrate, making it less concentrated.

Distal convoluted tubules (DCT) are a part of the nephron where the final adjustments to urine composition take place. The DCT is relatively impermeable to water under normal conditions, but its permeability can be regulated by hormones, specifically ADH.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is a hormone released from the posterior pituitary gland in response to high blood osmolarity. It increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water, allowing for more water reabsorption back into the bloodstream and producing concentrated urine.

The process where blood plasma is filtered out of blood capillaries to form tissue fluid, with most of the fluid returning to the capillaries.

The pressure exerted by blood against the walls of capillaries, which is higher than the pressure in surrounding tissues, promoting filtration of fluid.

The blood vessel carrying blood into the glomerulus in the kidney. It has a wider diameter than the efferent arteriole, helping to maintain high pressure within the glomerulus.

The blood vessel carrying blood out of the glomerulus. It has a narrower diameter than the afferent arteriole, contributing to high pressure within the glomerulus.

Tiny pores present in the walls of capillaries, especially in the glomerulus, that allow small molecules, like water, to pass through.

The fluid that is filtered out of blood in the glomerulus of the kidney, consisting mainly of water, small solutes, and some waste products.

A layer of non-cellular gel in the glomerulus composed of glycoproteins that prevents large proteins from being filtered out.

Specialized cells lining the inner wall of Bowman's capsule, resembling feet with slits between their extensions, allowing filtrate to pass through to the capsule.