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Questions and Answers
What is the normal body temperature range for humans?
What is the normal body temperature range for humans?
Homeostasis involves maintaining conditions within the body within a wide range.
Homeostasis involves maintaining conditions within the body within a wide range.
False
What is hypothermia?
What is hypothermia?
A condition in which body temperature drops below the normal range, potentially leading to cell damage or death.
The three components of homeostatic control systems are monitor, __________, and regulator.
The three components of homeostatic control systems are monitor, __________, and regulator.
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Match the following terms related to homeostasis with their definitions:
Match the following terms related to homeostasis with their definitions:
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Which scenario represents an example of homeostasis?
Which scenario represents an example of homeostasis?
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During an infection, the body's temperature is likely to drop to fight the infection.
During an infection, the body's temperature is likely to drop to fight the infection.
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What does a thermostat monitor to maintain temperature?
What does a thermostat monitor to maintain temperature?
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A negative feedback system increases changes to restore conditions.
A negative feedback system increases changes to restore conditions.
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What role does the control center play in a negative feedback system?
What role does the control center play in a negative feedback system?
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The process of feedback that helps maintain homeostasis by counteracting changes is known as __________.
The process of feedback that helps maintain homeostasis by counteracting changes is known as __________.
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Match the components of a negative feedback system with their functions:
Match the components of a negative feedback system with their functions:
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What happens when CO2 levels rise in the body during breath-holding?
What happens when CO2 levels rise in the body during breath-holding?
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Positive feedback is necessary for running maintenance of homeostasis.
Positive feedback is necessary for running maintenance of homeostasis.
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Name one example of a negative feedback mechanism in the human body.
Name one example of a negative feedback mechanism in the human body.
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The body responds to changes via the __________ system, which includes motor neurons.
The body responds to changes via the __________ system, which includes motor neurons.
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What is the primary function of insulin in the body?
What is the primary function of insulin in the body?
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Glucagon is primarily responsible for lowering blood glucose levels.
Glucagon is primarily responsible for lowering blood glucose levels.
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Name one source of glucagon.
Name one source of glucagon.
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The process of maintaining a steady body temperature is called __________.
The process of maintaining a steady body temperature is called __________.
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Match the hormone with its primary function:
Match the hormone with its primary function:
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Which hormone is released when blood glucose levels are high?
Which hormone is released when blood glucose levels are high?
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Muscular, integument, and respiratory systems are all involved in thermoregulation.
Muscular, integument, and respiratory systems are all involved in thermoregulation.
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What triggers the secretion of insulin?
What triggers the secretion of insulin?
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The major players in regulating blood glucose levels are __________ and __________.
The major players in regulating blood glucose levels are __________ and __________.
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What is the role of glucagon in the fasting state?
What is the role of glucagon in the fasting state?
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Study Notes
Core Temperature
- Humans have a normal temperature of around 36.2 to 37.2 degrees Celsius.
- Body temperature above normal indicates likely infection, as the body raises temperature to fight infection.
- Body temperature below normal indicates hypothermia, potentially causing cell damage and death if left untreated.
What is Homeostasis?
- Homeostasis is the body's attempt to maintain "normal" levels within the body.
- It's often referred to as a dynamic equilibrium, which is a mechanism to ensure all body systems function within acceptable ranges to sustain life.
Key Concept of Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is the regulation and maintenance of the internal environment.
Conditions Within the Body
- Homeostasis involves maintaining the internal environment within set ranges.
Homeostatic Control Systems
- Homeostatic control systems have three components: monitor, coordinating center, and regulator.
- The monitor detects changes in normal levels and sends a signal to the coordinating center.
- The coordinating center then sends messages to the regulator to restore balance.
Example: Household Thermostat
- A room temperature is set to 22 degrees Celsius.
- When temperature falls below 22 degrees, the thermostat switches on the furnace.
- When temperature rises above 22 degrees, the thermostat switches off the furnace.
- This is a negative feedback system.
Negative Feedback
- A system response by restoring conditions to their original state.
- Ensures that small changes don't snowball into larger problems.
Control Systems for Homeostasis
- Sensors: gather data (e.g., senses)
- Control Center: receives data, interprets information, and sends out messages (e.g., brain)
- Communication System: delivers messages to target organs/tissues, including the peripheral nervous system (e.g., motor neurons).
- Targets: respond to change (e.g., muscles, glands that release hormones).
Negative Feedback Loops in Homeostasis
- Feedback compares current conditions to comfort levels (set ranges)
- Negative feedback counteracts changes and brings the body back to homeostasis.
- Example: breathing rate changes to maintain O2/CO2 levels.
Homeostasis and Temperature Control
- Nervous system signals dermal blood vessels to dilate or constrict to regulate body temperature.
- Sweat glands secrete sweat to cool down the body, whereas blood vessels constrict to conserve heat.
- Hypothalamus in the brain is the body's temperature control center.
Positive Feedback
- Positive feedback increases change away from set points, needed for rapid body changes.
- Example 1: Torn blood vessels causing clotting to stop bloodflow.
- Example 2: Oxytocin stimulating mammary gland during childbirth and feeding.
Hormonal Regulation of Pregnancy
- Estrogen from placenta prepares the uterus for oxytocin response.
- Prostaglandins released by uterus enhance contractions.
- Sensory input to hypothalamus is enhanced by uterine contractions
- When the baby sucks at the nipple, it sends impulses to hypothalamus stimulating oxytocin secretion and milk production.
- Positive feedback loop of oxytocin release further stimulates uterine contraction during childbirth.
Systems Involved in Thermoregulation
- Muscular
- Integument (skin)
- Respiratory
- Circulatory
- Nervous (hypothalamus)
- Endocrine (hormones)
Responses to Heat/Cold Environments
- Hot: Vasodilation (blood vessels widen), Sweating (cooling via water evaporation), Pilorelaxation (hair flattened) and increased surface area.
- Cold: Vasoconstriction (blood vessels narrow conserving heat), Shivering (generating heat), and Piloerection (hair stands up for insulation).
Insulin & Glucagon
- Purpose: Regulate blood glucose levels for energy supply and metabolic balance.
- Insulin and glucagon are the two major player hormones.
- Insulin promotes glucose uptake into cells, converting excess glucose to glycogen for storage.
- Glucagon release glucose from stored glycogen when glucose levels decrease.
Insulin
- Source: Beta cells in the pancreas.
- Function: Decrease blood glucose levels, promote glycogen formation (glycogenesis), inhibit glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis).
- Regulation: Increased secretion with high blood glucose, feedback loops of decreased glucose levels reduce stimulus for insulin secretion and maintain metabolic homeostasis.
Glucagon
- Source: Alpha cells in the pancreas.
- Function: Increase blood glucose levels, stimulates glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) promote gluconeogenesis from non-carbohydrate sources, and inhibit glycolysis.
- Regulation: Increased secretion with low blood glucose level.
Interaction (Insulin & Glucagon)
- Postprandial (After Eating): Insulin released to lower blood glucose levels.
- Fasting (Between Meals): Insulin secretion decreases while glucagon secretion increases to raise blood glucose levels.
Water & Electrolyte Balance
- Water Intake: Drinking, food, and metabolic processes.
- Water Loss: Urine, sweat, breathing, and feces.
- Kidney Regulation: Concentrated urine during dehydration, and diluted urine when excess water is present.
Water Regulation
- Too little: Hypothalamus detects low water level, pituitary gland releases more ADH, water reabsorbed by kidneys, less water lost in urine, and blood water levels return to normal.
- Too much: Hypothalamus detects excess water, pituitary gland releases less ADH, less water reabsorbed by kidneys, more water lost in urine, and blood water levels return to normal.
- Excess water leads to more diluted urine, while dehydration leads to more concentrated urine.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
- This system regulates blood pressure, which affects fluid and electrolyte balance.
- Low blood volume or blood pressure triggers the release of Renin which in turn activates a cascade process of hormones involved in regulating blood pressure.
- Aldosterone plays a significant role in reabsorbing sodium and water in kidneys to increase blood volume leading to maintaining blood pressure..
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Description
Explore the concepts of homeostasis and core temperature regulation in the human body. This quiz covers normal temperature ranges, the significance of temperature deviations, and the mechanisms the body uses to maintain internal stability. Understand how homeostatic control systems operate to ensure optimal functioning.
