Homeostasis and Control Systems in Biology
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Questions and Answers

What is homeostasis in the human body?

  • The process of detecting stimuli through the nervous system
  • The ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite environmental changes (correct)
  • The tendency for body temperature to rise continuously
  • The process of chemical communication through hormones

Which component of a control system is responsible for determining the response to a stimulus?

  • Control Centre (correct)
  • Effector
  • Stimulus
  • Receptor

In the context of the bimetallic strip, what property causes it to bend when heated?

  • The temperature of the Bunsen burner
  • The uniform expansion of metals
  • The electrical current passing through
  • The different rates of expansion between metals (correct)

What type of feedback mechanism works to slow the original stimulus?

<p>Negative feedback mechanism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system communicates through electrical impulses to maintain homeostasis?

<p>Nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the airport example, what defines the stimulus?

<p>The presence of the cell phone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the effector play in a control system?

<p>Produces a change in response to the control centre's decision (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback mechanism?

<p>Blood clotting process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does oxytocin play during childbirth?

<p>It stimulates nerve impulses to increase oxytocin production. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the homeostatic balance in the body is disrupted?

<p>It may result in disease. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition might Marge Simpson face due to low calcium intake from a dairy-free diet?

<p>Osteoporosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could potentially happen if intravenous solution is administered too rapidly?

<p>The body might not be able to handle the rapid change. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible complication of intravenous therapy?

<p>Kinks in the tubes causing blockage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During nursing, what is crucial to ensure effective fluid transport?

<p>Effective communication during change-overs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a negative outcome of forgetting to set the drip factor correctly?

<p>Incorrect administration rate of fluids. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk when administering intravenous fluid to a patient?

<p>Fluid overload potentially harming patient health. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily differentiates facilitated diffusion from simple diffusion?

<p>Facilitated diffusion employs specific channels or carriers for transport. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect the rate of diffusion?

<p>Type of molecule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of process does the sodium-potassium pump represent?

<p>Active transport process (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of dialysis, what happens to urea in the dialysis machine?

<p>Urea diffuses into the clean dialysis fluid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about leakage channels is true?

<p>They are constantly open and allow a constant flow. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the movement of glucose across the plasma membrane?

<p>Glucose requires facilitated diffusion through specific channels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the sodium-potassium pump contribute to cell function?

<p>It maintains the cell's resting membrane potential. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes osmosis?

<p>The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main driving force for water movement in osmosis?

<p>Concentration differences of solute (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does hydrostatic pressure affect osmosis?

<p>It prevents water from moving into the cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when solutions of different solute concentrations are separated by a selectively permeable membrane?

<p>Only water moves to equalize solute concentrations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of mannitol when introduced into blood?

<p>It increases osmolarity and draws water out of cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to animal cells in a hypertonic solution?

<p>They shrink due to water loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the extent of water concentration decrease when solute concentration increases?

<p>Number of solutes in a solution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'isotonic' in the context of cell fluid balance?

<p>Both sides of the membrane have equal osmotic pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding osmotic pressure?

<p>It prevents further water entry into a cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a hypertonic solution on a cell?

<p>Cells will shrink. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario is water moving out of cells beneficial?

<p>Cerebral edema. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes isotonic dehydration?

<p>Loss of both electrolytes and water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does filtration work in the context of cellular fluid movement?

<p>It is facilitated by hydrostatic pressure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

<p>It will swell and may burst. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes hypertonic dehydration?

<p>Loss of body water faster than electrolytes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of isosmotic fluid loss?

<p>Homeostasis usually restores the balance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when cells are subjected to an isotonic solution?

<p>Cells experience no change in shape. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a saturated solution?

<p>A solution that has dissolved all solutes at a specific temperature. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a supersaturated solution?

<p>A solution that contains more solute than a saturated solution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is molarity a measure of?

<p>The concentration of a solution in moles per liter. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of plasma membranes in cells?

<p>Separate the cell from the surrounding extracellular fluid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes colloidal solutions?

<p>Solutions where solutes form large, non-diffusible molecules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of passive transport processes?

<p>They happen without the expenditure of cell energy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be a consequence of excessive uric acid in the kidneys?

<p>Formation of kidney stones. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the plasma membrane structure?

<p>Nucleic acids. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Homeostasis

The body's ability to keep a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Negative Feedback

A control system where the response is the opposite of the initial change. It slows down the stimulus.

Positive Feedback

A control system where the response is in the same direction as the initial change. It enhances the change.

Control System Components

Stimulus, receptor, control center, and effector are the parts of control systems. A control system responds to stimuli.

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Stimulus

A change detected by the body in either the internal or external environment. The cause of change in control system.

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Receptor

A component that detects a change or stimulus.

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Control Center

Processes the information from the receptor and determines the appropriate response.

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Effector

The part of the body that carries out the response determined by the control center.

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Integumentary System

The body system responsible for covering and maintaining body temperature.

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Positive Feedback Mechanism (Labor)

A self-amplifying cycle in which the response to a stimulus intensifies the stimulus, causing it to increase (e.g., uterine contractions during labor).

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Homeostatic Imbalance

Inability of the body to maintain internal balance, which can lead to disease.

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Calcium Deficiency

An insufficient amount of Calcium in the body.

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IV Fluid Administration Issues

Potential problems during intravenous fluid administration, including blockages, poor communication, incorrect settings, improper placement of the needle, infections, damage to the bag or tubes,or too rapid infusion.

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IV Fluid Overload

Giving a patient too much IV fluid, which may lead to negative consequences.

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Oxytocin

A hormone that stimulates uterine contractions, promoting labor and delivery.

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Rapid IV Infusion

Administering IV fluids too quickly, potentially overwhelming the body's natural processes.

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IV Solution Composition

The specific components of an intravenous solution, which impacts its effects on the body.

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Solution

A mixture of two or more substances (solutes) where one substance (the solvent) dissolves the others.

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Saturated Solution

A solution where the solvent can dissolve no more solute at a specific temperature.

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Unsaturated Solution

A solution that can dissolve more solute at a given temperature.

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Supersaturated Solution

A solution containing more solute than it can normally dissolve at a given temperature.

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Colloidal Solution

A solution where solutes form large, non-diffusible molecules.

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Molarity

A way to measure the concentration of a solution, expressed as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

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Plasma Membrane

The boundary that separates the cell's contents from the surrounding fluid.

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Selectively Permeable Membrane

A membrane that allows certain substances to pass through while blocking others.

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Diffusion

Movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration.

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Facilitated Diffusion

Movement of molecules across a membrane with the help of protein channels/carriers.

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Simple Diffusion

Molecules moving directly across the membrane.

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Concentration Gradient

Difference in molecule concentration between two areas.

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Channels (Facilitated Diffusion)

Proteins that allow specific molecules through the membrane.

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Carriers (Facilitated Diffusion)

Proteins that bind to molecules and transport them across the membrane.

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Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane.

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Sodium-Potassium Pump

Active transport process that moves sodium and potassium against their concentration gradients.

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Glucose-6-Phosphate

A phosphorylated form of glucose, the first product formed in the breakdown of glucose within the cell.

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Complex Series of Reactions

A chain of chemical reactions occurring in a specific order, involving multiple enzymes and steps, like a production line for energy.

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Mitochondria

Cellular organelles responsible for the majority of ATP production through cellular respiration, the 'powerhouse' of the cell.

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Oxygen

A vital gas required for the final stage of cellular respiration, to produce energy within mitochondria.

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ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, a molecule used as the main energy currency in cells, powering many cellular processes.

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Carbon Dioxide

A waste product produced during cellular respiration and released as an exhaled gas.

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Water

A by-product of cellular respiration, also essential for many cellular processes.

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Filtration

A process that forces water and small solutes through a membrane due to pressure differences. The movement is from high pressure to low pressure.

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Tonicity

The ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of a cell based on solute concentration compared to the cell's internal environment.

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Isotonic Solution

A solution with equal solute concentration as the cell. No change in cell shape or volume.

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Hypertonic Solution

A solution with higher solute concentration than the cell. Cell shrinks as water moves out.

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Hypotonic Solution

A solution with lower solute concentration than the cell. Cell swells as water moves in.

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Hypertonic Dehydration

Body loses water faster than electrolytes, causing cells to become hypertonic. Blood thickens, pressure drops, circulation slows down.

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Isotonic Dehydration

Loss of both electrolytes and fluids, making it less noticeable. Blood pressure drops significantly if not restored by the body.

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Hypotonic Dehydration

Electrolyte loss primarily from vomiting or diarrhea. Cells swell due to water influx.

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Study Notes

Homeostasis

  • Homeostasis is the ability of the human body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions despite environmental changes.

Control Systems

  • Nervous System: Communicates via electrical impulses.
  • Endocrine System: Communicates through chemical messengers.

Components of a Control System

  • Stimulus: A change that triggers a response.
  • Receptor: Detects the stimulus.
  • Control Center: Determines the response.
  • Effector: Produces a change to counteract the stimulus.

Example: Airport Security

  • Stimulus: Forgetting a phone in the pocket.
  • Receptor: The alarm in security.
  • Control Center: The customs agent.
  • Effector: The agent's response (checking the matter).

Control System Feedback Loop

  • Input: Information sent along an afferent pathway to a receptor (sensor).
  • Receptor (sensor): Detects changes in a variable.
  • Control center: Determines the response.
  • Output: Information sent along an efferent pathway to an effector.
  • Effector: Produces a change to influence that variable.
  • Response: The magnitude of the stimulus is modified by the response of the effector.
  • Homeostasis: The variable returns to its set point.

Bimetallic Strips

  • A bimetallic strip is made from iron and aluminum.
  • The metals expand and contract at different rates.
  • When heated, the strip bends.
  • Used in heaters, fire alarms, and other electrical equipment.

Example: Thermostat

  • Stimulus: Rising room temperature.
  • Receptor (sensor): Thermometer in the thermostat.
  • Control Center: Thermostat.
  • Effector: Heater.
  • Response: Heater is turned on to lower the temperature.
  • Homeostasis: Room temperature returns to the set point.

Control Mechanisms

  • Negative Feedback: Response is in the opposite direction of the original stimulus.
    • Example: Regulating body temperature.
  • Positive Feedback: Response is in the same direction as the original stimulus.
    • Example: Blood clotting.

Negative Feedback - Blood Glucose

  • Stimulus: Rising blood glucose.
  • Receptor: Insulin-secreting cells in the pancreas.
  • Control Center: Pancreas.
  • Effector: Cells of the body take up glucose, the liver stores glucose as glycogen.
  • Response: Release of insulin into the blood.
  • Homeostasis: Blood glucose returns to the normal range.

Homeostatic Imbalance

  • When the normal balance of the body is not maintained, disease may be the result.

Solutions

  • Solution: Mixture of two or more substances.
  • Solute: Substance dissolved in a solution.
  • Solvent: Liquid in which the solute is dissolved. (usually water)

Types of Solutions

  • Unsaturated Solution: A solution that hasn't reached its saturation point (solvent can still dissolve solute without exceeding this point.)
  • Supersaturated Solution: Contains more solutes than a saturated solution. (Precipitate can form)
  • Saturated Solution: A solution that has dissolved all the solute possible at that temperature.
  • Colloidal Solutions: Solutes join to form large, non-diffusable molecules (like cytosol, spinal fluid, blood).

Osmosis

  • The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

Osmolarity

  • Total concentration of all solute particles in a solution.

Tonicity

  • Describes the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.
    • Isotonic: Contains the same concentration of solutes as the cell.
    • Hypertonic: Contains a higher concentration of solutes than the cell.
    • Hypotonic: Contains a lower concentration of solutes than the cell.

Filtration

  • Process that forces water and solutes through a membrane due to hydrostatic pressure, from area of high to low pressure
  • Non-selective and passive

Active Transport

  • Requires energy (ATP) to move solutes against their concentration gradient.
  • E.g. Sodium-potassium pump.
    • Moves Na+ out and K+ into cells.

Muscle Cells and Calcium

  • Muscle cells pump calcium ions out of the cell to maintain a lower concentration when resting.
  • Calcium influx into the cell causes contraction.

Dehydration Types

  • Hypertonic: Water lost faster than electrolytes.
  • Isotonic: Loss of both water and electrolytes.
  • Hypotonic: Loss of electrolytes faster than water.

Summary

The provided texts describe aspects of homeostasis, control systems, various transport mechanisms (active and passive), and the effects of different solutions on cells, all key concepts in biology.

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Homeostasis and Transport Processes PDF

Description

This quiz explores the concept of homeostasis and the control systems in the human body. It covers the roles of the nervous and endocrine systems, the components of control systems, and provides an example using airport security. Test your understanding of how feedback loops function in maintaining internal stability.

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