Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What are fabrics made of?
Fibres
List three functions of clothes.
To look smart, to show individuality, to protect from adverse climatic conditions.
Which of the following is NOT a source of natural fibres?
Synthetic fibres are eco-friendly in nature.
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What are staple fibres?
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What is rayon often referred to as?
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Match the following types of fibres with their correct sources:
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Fibres can only be classified into two categories: natural and synthetic.
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Fibres obtained from animal sources are called ______ fibres.
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Wool is a strong fibre.
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Why is cotton preferred for many household uses?
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What type of fabric is known to wrinkle easily?
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Jute fabrics do not wrinkle easily.
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What happens to synthetic fibres when they are exposed to heat?
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What behaviour do cellulosic fibres exhibit when near a flame?
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If wool: winter, then __________: summer.
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Cotton is a filament fibre.
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Length of staple fibres is measured in inches.
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Acetate is a man-made fibre.
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Natural fibres can be made from chemicals.
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Wool is a plant fibre.
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If regenerated fibres: wood pulp, then synthetic fibres: _______________.
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Why did Geet's dupatta catch fire?
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Why did the dupatta get stuck to Geet's body after catching fire?
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Why was Geet’s father relatively safe from burns?
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What type of fabric should you prefer to wear while working in the kitchen?
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List three other fabrics which can be worn while working near fire.
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Convince people about merits of changing into cotton clothes before working in the kitchen.
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Silk yarn breaks easily.
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Bulky yarns need less number of twists in one inch length.
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Slub yarns have thick and thin places.
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Cord yarn is made from single yarn.
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A simple yarn has uniform __________ in multiple strand yarn.
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Cord yarn is a __________.
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Flex is stronger than _______________.
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Synthetic yarns stretch and ________________.
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What is knitting?
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What type of fabrics are considered bulky and soft?
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Muslin is a fabric which is _______________.
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Denim is a fabric which is _______________.
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Organdy is a fabric which is _______________.
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Poplin is a fabric which is _______________.
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What is one difference between coarse and fine yarn?
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Explain the difference between S twist and Z twist.
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What is the difference between four ply and cord yarn?
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Define spun and filament yarns.
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Why do nylon, polyester, and acrylic catch fire easily?
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If you were Ginni’s friend, what would you advise her to do?
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Cotton is a staple fibre.
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Silk yarn breaks with a jerk.
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Cord yarn is made from 3/4/5 ply yarns.
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What is used to test the identification of fibres?
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Study Notes
Fibre to Fabric
- Fabrics are composed of threads made from small fibres.
- Understanding fibres helps in recognizing suitable fabrics for specific uses.
- Knowledge of fabrics enables wise choices in purchasing and utilizing materials.
Functions of Clothing
- Clothing acts as "second skin," providing protection from the environment.
- Enhances personal identity and reflects habits, taste, and social status.
- Varieties of attire exist for different occasions: formal, casual, sports, etc.
- Clothing colors may vary by season, climate, and personal factors such as age and marital status.
- Hygiene and care are reflected in the appearance of clothing.
Household Uses of Fabrics
- Fabrics serve multiple household purposes beyond clothing, such as:
- Bed linens
- Curtains
- Upholstery
- Cushion covers
- Kitchen items like dusters and mops
- Cotton is often preferred for its suitability across various applications.
Types and Sources of Fibres
- Fibres are classified based on natural versus man-made sources.
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Natural Fibres: Derived from plants and animals.
- Plant-based: Cellulosic fibres (e.g., cotton, linen).
- Animal-based: Protein fibres (e.g., wool, silk).
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Man-Made Fibres: Produced in labs from chemicals.
- Regenerated fibres (e.g., rayon from wood pulp).
- Synthetic fibres (e.g., nylon, polyester).
Length Classification of Fibres
- Short fibres are called staple fibres, measured in inches or centimeters (e.g., cotton).
- Long fibres are filament fibres, measured in yards or meters (e.g., silk).
Characteristics of Common Fibres
- Cotton: Absorbent, strong, prone to wrinkling; ideal for summer wear.
- Flax (Linen): Durable and absorbent, wrinkles easily; shiny and cool for summer.
- Jute: Rough and hairy, mostly used for bags and ropes; weaker than flax.
- Wool: Insulating, soft, and absorbent, suitable for winter; easily damaged by friction.
- Silk: Lustrous and strong, soft feel; used for formal garments.
- Rayon: Lustrous with a silky feel, but weak; resembles silk.
- Synthetic Fibres: Easy to care for, strong, and quick-drying; susceptible to melting.
Identification of Fibres
- Fibres can be identified through visual inspection and personal touch.
- Different fabrics exhibit distinct characteristics in appearance, feel, and care requirements.
- Knowledge of fibre properties aids in the visual identification process when purchasing fabrics.### Characteristics of Fibres
- Silk: Delicate, smooth, warm to touch, lightweight, and resists wrinkling.
- Rayon: Lustrous or non-lustrous, heavier than silk, soft, shines, provides a cool feeling, but wrinkles easily.
- Synthetic Fibres: Dull or semi-dull, heat-sensitive, softening or melting upon heat application, warm-feeling, resistant to friction, and easy to care for as they do not wrinkle.
Burning Test for Fibre Identification
- Purpose: Determines whether fibres are from plant/animal sources or man-made.
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Procedure: Burn strands from a yarn or fabric and observe:
- Behavior near flame
- Behavior while burning
- Residue after burning
- Cellulosic Fibres: Catch fire easily, burn brightly, give a smell similar to burning paper, and leave grayish/black smooth ash.
- Protein Fibres: Smolder, produce a flickering flame with a burning hair smell, leaving crisp dark or irregular, crushable residue.
- Synthetic Fibres: Shrink when approaching flame, soften/melt, emit a mixed chemical smell, and leave hard black uncrushable residue.
Limitations of Burning Test
- Confusion can arise when fabrics contain mixed fibres, complicating identification based on burning behavior.
Breaking Test for Fibre Identification
- Cotton: Breaks easily with brush-like tips.
- Flax: Stronger than cotton; requires significant force to break.
- Jute: Breaks easily.
- Wool: Stretches before breaking, with brush-like tips.
- Silk: Breaks suddenly with little stretch.
- Rayon: Breaks easily, lacks brush-like tips.
- Synthetics: Stretch significantly and resist breaking easily.
Safety Scenario
- Geet experienced burns as her polyester dupatta melted and stuck to her skin. Her father, wearing a cotton outfit, received minor scalds while extinguishing her flames with a cotton sheet.
Recommended Fabrics for Heat Protection
- Prefer cotton for kitchen work due to its flame-resistant properties.
- Additional suitable fabrics: linen, wool, and specific blends designed for fire resistance.
Fill in the Blanks
- If wool: winter, then cotton: summer
- If bark: flax, then sheep: wool
- If cotton: king of fibres, then silk: queen of fibres
- If regenerated fibres: wood pulp, then synthetic fibres: chemicals
- If linen: cotton, then acrylic: synthetic fibres
True/False Questions
- Cotton is a filament fibre: False
- Length of staple fibres is measured in inches: True
- Acetate is a man-made fibre: True
- Natural fibres can be made from chemicals: False
- Wool is a plant fibre: False
Yarn Creation and Classification
- Yarn: Continuous length of interlocked fibres, made by twisting.
- Spinning Process: Pull, twist, and draw fibers to form yarn.
- Spinning by Machine: Involves steps like cleaning, carding, combing (optional), spinning, winding, producing various yarn packages.
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Yarn Types:
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Simple Yarns: Uniform thickness, smooth surface, used for standard fabrics.
- Single Strand: Used for lightweight fabrics.
- Ply Yarns: Two or more simple yarns twisted together for durability.
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Novelty Yarns: Characterized by unusual appearances, including:
- Loop Yarn: Continuous loops.
- Knotted Yarn: Knots along the length.
- Slub Yarn: Thick and thin ornamental effects.
- Feather Yarn: Soft, fuzzy texture, also known as chenille yarn.
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Simple Yarns: Uniform thickness, smooth surface, used for standard fabrics.
Yarn Packaging
- Common yarn packages include balls, reels, hanks, and cones, differing in weight and length for various uses.### Fibre and Fabric
- Fabrics made from novelty yarns are softer and bulkier but generally less durable than those from simple yarns.
- Weaving techniques draw inspiration from nature, specifically from bird nests and trees' entangled branches.
Fabric Construction
- Fabric is created by woven yarns, which can be categorized into various types such as poplin, denim, and khadder.
- Two primary methods of fabric construction are weaving and knitting, with weaving being the most prevalent.
Weaving
- Involves interlacing warp and weft yarns at right angles.
- Warp yarns run lengthwise, while weft yarns run horizontally.
- The edge of the fabric where warp yarns are tightly woven is called the selvedge.
- The area between selvedges constitutes the body of the fabric.
Merits of Weaving
- Produces firm and easy-to-handle fabrics.
- Woven fabrics tend not to stretch, which simplifies printing and embroidery.
Basic Weaves
- Weaves can be broadly classified as basic (plain, twill, satin) and novelty. Most fabrics are constructed using basic weaves:
- Plain Weave: The simplest form where one weft alternately moves over and under the warp. Examples include muslin and poplin.
- Twill Weave: Characterized by a diagonal pattern, created by having one weft move over two and under one warp. Suitable for workwear. Examples are denim and gabardine.
- Satin Weave: Produces a smooth surface with yarns floating. Commonly used for formal wear.
Khadi and Handloom
- Handloom fabrics, crafted from either hand-spun or mill-spun yarn, provide employment and carry traditional significance in India.
- Khadi, endorsed by Mahatma Gandhi, is a hand-spun and hand-woven fabric symbolizing self-reliance and rural livelihood.
Knitting
- Involves forming loops of yarn, either through hand or machine methods, with weft knitting being the most common.
- Knitting creates stretchy, comfortable fabrics used for casual and formal wear as well as household items.
Properties of Knitted Fabrics
- Known for their fit, stretchability, warmth, and wrinkle resistance, making them versatile for various clothing applications.
End Uses of Fabrics
- Understanding the properties of different fibers helps consumers choose the right fabric for their needs.
- Common fabrics include cotton (muslin, denim), wool (felt, knits), and silk (crepe, satin).
Key Points
- Identification of fibers can occur through visual inspection, touch, and burning tests.
- Yarns are classified into simple (single, ply) and novelty (cord, slub).
- Importance of knowing fabric properties for appropriate usage in clothing and household articles.
Additional Activities
- Engage with local artisans to learn about weaving processes and challenges.
- Explore the types of fabrics used by tailors and the decision-making process for fabric selection and garment construction.
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Explore the basics of fibres and fabrics in this Home Science quiz from Module 1. Understand how the thread prepared from fibres contributes to the fabric of your daily clothing. This will enhance your awareness of textiles in daily life.