Questions and Answers
What are the steps involved in laundering clothes?
Washing or dry-cleaning garments, finishing with stiffening agents, and storing the garments.
Which types of fabrics should be dry-cleaned?
Dirty clothes are harmful for personal hygiene.
True
Laundering is the same as washing clothes.
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Airing of clothes is useful when they are not to be washed immediately.
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Stains should be removed from the fabrics before washing.
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What should be done to damaged garments before washing?
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What are the common reagents used for stain removal?
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What is the effect of not sorting clothes before washing?
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What is meant by 'shaking' clothes?
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Match the following types of stains with their sources:
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What should be done for a fresh blood stain on white cotton fabric?
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Which method is appropriate for removing an old tea stain on white cotton fabric?
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How should a fresh grease stain be treated on white cotton?
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Heat should be avoided when treating protein stains.
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What should be applied to an old rust stain on white cotton fabric?
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What should you do with a lipstick stain?
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When should stains ideally be removed?
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The process of __________ involves removal of dirt that has been loosened from fabrics by soaking.
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What is a suitable method for washing delicate fabrics?
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What should be done if clothes are damp before storing?
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What is the purpose of soaking cotton clothes?
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Starching is done to give cotton clothes a __________ look.
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Coloured cotton articles should be dried in the sun.
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Long exposure to sunlight makes fabrics __________.
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Match the following types of fabrics with their laundering instructions:
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What type of soap should be used for laundering colored cottons?
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What should be done after rinsing colored cotton garments?
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What is the meaning of the word 'laundering'?
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Wool articles can be soaked in water.
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What is a stain? How would you classify stains?
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What temperature should be used for ironing cotton?
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Describe the steps for removing ghee stain from a cotton fabric.
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Friction cannot be applied to clean __________ articles.
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Describe the steps for removing nail polish stain from a cotton fabric.
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Synthetics are ironed with a hot iron.
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Describe the steps for removing red ink stain from a cotton fabric.
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Clothes must be __________ before washing.
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Describe the steps for removing grass stain from a cotton fabric.
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Describe the steps for removing paan stain from a cotton fabric.
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Explain how to wash a white cotton garment.
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How does the laundering of synthetics differ from laundering of cottons?
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What effect did washing the white woolen cardigan with other clothes have?
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What is the correct procedure for washing a brightly printed silk scarf at home?
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Match the following fabric conditions with their effects on strength:
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Dirty clothes become a medium for the growth of bacteria or fungus.
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Laundering consists of washing and drying only.
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Airing helps in drying and removing bad odors.
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Stains may become permanent when exposed to chemicals in soaps or detergents.
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Study Notes
Care and Maintenance of Fabrics
- Clothes become dirty from stains, dust, grease, and perspiration; neglect can lead to bacteria growth and fabric damage.
- Maintaining clean and fresh clothes is crucial for personal hygiene and appearance.
- Key methods for maintaining clothes include brushing, airing, and laundering.
Importance of Brushing, Airing, and Laundering
- Brushing removes loose dirt, particularly from pile fabrics like velvet, corduroy, and blankets.
- Airing eliminates odors and is best done outdoors or in well-ventilated areas.
- Laundering involves washing or dry-cleaning, finishing with agents like starch, and proper storage of garments.
Steps in Laundering
- Washing: Use soap or detergent for washable clothes; dry-clean delicate fabrics such as silk and wool.
- Finishing: Stiffening with starch, drying, ironing, folding, and hanging.
- Storing: Change clothes seasonally, ensuring winter wear is stored during summer and vice versa.
Preparing to Launder at Home
- Gather dirty clothes and washing supplies in one place to save energy.
- Mending: Repair any damages before laundering to prevent further fabric loss.
- Sorting: Separate clothes by fabric type, color, size, dirt amount, and utility to prevent color bleeding and maintain hygiene.
Reading Labels on Garments
- Labels provide essential care instructions regarding washing and ironing.
- Following these guidelines aids in the proper maintenance of different fabrics.
Identifying and Removing Stains
- Stains should be addressed immediately to avoid setting.
- Stains can be categorized by color, smell, and feel, assisting in identification.
Classification of Stains
- Vegetable Stains: Tea, coffee, and fruit.
- Grease Stains: Butter, ghee, oil, and shoe polish.
- Animal Stains: Blood, milk, and egg.
- Mineral Stains: Rust.
- Miscellaneous Stains: Ink, dye, and perspiration.
Techniques for Stain Removal
- Sponging: Use a soft cloth and gentle strokes from the outer edge to center; blot with absorbent paper underneath.
- Dipping: Submerge the entire fabric in a stain remover for larger or multiple stains.
Common Stain Removal Agents
- Reagents like borax, ammonia, hydrogen peroxide, and ready-to-use bleaches target specific stains effectively.
Stain Removal Techniques
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Use grease absorbents like chalk or talcum powder for greasy stains before applying solvents.
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For fresh stains (butter, ghee, oil, curry):
- Wash with hot water and soap.
- Dry in sunlight on grass or shrub.
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For old greasy stains:
- Make a soap-water paste, apply, and leave under sunlight until removed.
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Stains such as paint, shoe polish, and nail polish:
- Scrape excess stain and sponge with methylated spirit or kerosene.
- Repeat with turpentine for old stains.
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Rust and medicine stains:
- Contain metallic compounds; use mild acidic treatments like lime juice and salt for fresh stains, and dilute oxalic acid for old stains, neutralized with borax.
Miscellaneous Stains
- Grass stains:
- Fresh stains can be washed with soap and water; treat old stains with methylated spirit.
- Betal leaf (paan) stains:
- Apply onion paste to fresh stains and dry under sunlight; repeat for old stains.
- Ink stains:
- Wash fresh stains with soap and cold water; soak old stains in sour buttermilk, then treat with lime juice or bleach.
Precautions for Stain Removal
- Treat stains promptly while fresh.
- Test chemicals on inconspicuous areas first for delicate or colored fabrics.
- Use mild, diluted reagents to minimize fabric damage and rinse thoroughly afterward.
Laundering Process
- Involves steps: soaking, washing, rinsing, drying, ironing, finishing, and storing.
- Soaking loosens dirt but should not exceed half an hour to prevent re-settlement.
Washing Methods
- Friction method: Suitable for strong fabrics (cotton, linen) using hand friction, scrubbing brush, or beating stick.
- Kneading and squeezing: Ideal for delicate fabrics (silk, wool) to avoid damage.
- Washing machines: Efficient for clean and heavy articles, but care is needed to prevent color bleeding.
Rinsing and Finishing
- Rinse washed fabrics at least thrice to eliminate detergent residues.
- Finishing agents (like starch) improve fabric appearance and stiffness.
Drying Techniques
- Preferably dry clothes outside in fresh air and sunlight.
- Use pegs or clips for securing, and turn colored garments inside out to prevent fading.
Ironing and Storing
- Ironing provides a smooth finish, utilizing various electric irons available in the market.
- Clothes must be fully dry before storage to prevent fungal and bacterial growth.
Summary of Handling Stains
- Individual steps for stain treatment should be documented and evaluated for effectiveness.
- Example scenario indicates a multi-step approach including pre-treatment with absorbents and soaking with detergent leading to eventual stain removal.### Sorting Clothes
- Sort clothes into specific piles:
- Cottons: White inner garments, petticoats, shirts, bedsheets.
- Coloured cottons: Sarees, blouse, salwar suits.
- Synthetics: Shirts, sarees, socks, etc.
- Silk: Sarees and blouses.
- Woolen: Sweaters, mufflers, shawls.
- Separate very dirty clothes from less dirty ones.
- Check for repairs and stains.
- Refer to care labels for washing instructions.
Laundering Process for Cottons
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Soaking:
- White cottons are soaked in warm or hot water to loosen dirt.
- Very dirty items are soaked separately to prevent cross-contamination.
- Soaking makes cleaning easier.
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Washing:
- Use soap/detergent solution for washing white clothes.
- Rub heavy soil areas and use knead and squeeze method for lighter fabrics.
- Heavy items require care (use hands or a stick).
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Rinsing:
- Essential to rinse to remove soap residue.
- Use whitening agent in the last rinse like blue powder or optical brighteners.
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Starching:
- Provides a crisp look; prevents dirt accumulation.
- Mix 2 tablespoons of starch in 5 liters of water for starching.
- Starch should be applied evenly and garments hung to dry.
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Drying:
- Hang clothes by their strongest part and remove promptly from sunlight to avoid weakening.
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Ironing:
- Iron when slightly damp for best results.
- Starched items must be fully dry before ironing.
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Storing:
- Ensure fabrics are completely dry to prevent fungus and mildew during storage.
Laundering Process for Coloured Cottons
- Avoid soaking to prevent colour bleeding.
- Use mild soap and kneading technique for washing.
- Rinse thoroughly; starch clothing turned inside out during last rinse.
- Dry in shade to maintain colour.
Laundering Process for Synthetics
- Use lukewarm or cold water; avoid hot water to prevent melting.
- Light pressure and rubbing are recommended for washing.
- Rinse well in cold water; avoid squeezing to prevent wrinkles.
- Preferably dry on hangers and iron with a warm iron only.
Laundering Process for Silks
- Use lukewarm or cold water and neutral soap; no soaking needed.
- Rinse thoroughly in cold water and apply gum arabic starch.
- Dry in shade, and iron when damp.
Laundering Process for Woolens
- Handle gently as they are delicate and prone to felting.
- Use mild detergent in lukewarm water.
- Wash with kneading and squeezing, avoid strong rubbing.
- Shape knitted items after washing and dry flat in the shade.
- Store with moth repellents in dry conditions.
Ironing Tips
- Use a comfortable-height ironing table.
- Water spray enhances results on cotton/linen.
- Iron delicate sections first (sleeves, collars).
- Follow heat settings for each fabric type (cold, warm, hot).
Important Reminders
- Proper storage is crucial for preventing mold and mildew on cotton.
- Never expose woolen articles to hot or harsh cleaning methods.
- Maintain balance between cleaning methods and the well-being of the fabric.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the care and maintenance of fabrics with this quiz from Home Science. Explore essential practices, tips, and information that can enhance your understanding of fabric upkeep in daily life. Perfect for students looking to improve their skills in textile care.
