Untitled Quiz

Lipophilic hormones that act through intracellular receptors, entering cells to bind with receptors in the cytoplasm, forming a complex that then travels to the nucleus to activate gene expression.

Hydrophilic hormones that initiate cellular responses via cell membrane receptors and second messengers, such as cAMP, calcium/phosphatidyl inositol, or cGMP.

Protein receptors located inside the cell, typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus, that bind to lipophilic hormones.

Molecules within a cell that relay signals from a receptor on the cell membrane to target molecules inside the cell after a hydrophilic hormone binds to the receptor triggering a cascade.

A protein that acts as a molecular switch, transmitting signals from a membrane receptor to intracellular effector molecules.

Specific DNA sequences where hormone-receptor complexes bind to initiate gene transcription.

A second messenger that activates specific enzymes leading to a cascade of cellular responses following hormone binding.

Guanosine diphosphate and triphosphate, crucial to activate and deactivate G-protein subunits, facilitating signal transduction.

The activation of a G protein (Gs) by a hormone-receptor complex leads to adenyl cyclase activation, converting ATP to cAMP.

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) acts as an intermediary, carrying signals from hormones to their targets inside the cell.

cAMP activates PKA, a key enzyme that phosphorylates other proteins, altering their activity.

PKA regulates glycogen metabolism by phosphorylating glycogen phosphorylase (activating it) and glycogen synthase (inhibiting it).

PKA's catalytic units activate CREB, influencing gene expression by binding to CREs (cAMP response elements).

Phosphodiesterases break down cAMP to 5AMP, ending hormonal actions.

Cholera toxin permanently activates Gs, leading to excessive cAMP production and diarrhea.

Gi protein inhibits adenyl cyclase activity upon activation by a hormone-receptor complex, altering cAMP levels and modulating cell responses.

The pretracheal fascia surrounding the thyroid gland, which thickens to form Berry's ligament.

A thickened part of the pretracheal fascia that connects the thyroid lobe to the cricoid cartilage.

The upper tip of the thyroid lobe, extending to the thyroid cartilage.

The lower part of the thyroid lobe, reaching the 5th or 6th tracheal ring.

The outer surface of the thyroid lobe, covered by strap muscles and the sternomastoid.

The inner surface of the thyroid lobe, related to trachea, esophagus, and other structures.

The back surface of the thyroid lobe, containing important blood vessels and the parathyroid glands

The horizontal band of tissue connecting the two lobes of the thyroid gland.

Thyroid hormones are crucial for growth, tissue maturation, and differentiation. They stimulate growth hormone release and protein synthesis.

Hypo- and hyperthyroidism often impair growth development and tissue maintenance.

Thyroid hormones increase heart rate, cardiac output and decrease peripheral resistance, leading to higher blood pressure.

Thyroid hormones increase red blood cell production.

Thyroid hormones enhance lung function, specifically by increasing ventilation.

Thyroid hormones induce diuresis and increase excretion of certain minerals (K+, Ca++, Po4-) in the urine.

Thyroid hormones elevate digestive system activity, including increased motility and appetite.

Thyroid hormones affect reproductive function in appropriate levels and inhibit prolactin.

Hypothalamic hormone stimulating TSH release from the anterior pituitary

Anterior pituitary hormone stimulating thyroid hormone release

Increased T3 & T4 suppress TRH & TSH, thus reducing further thyroid hormone production.

Antibody-like molecule causing long-lasting thyroid stimulation

Stored in the thyroid gland without increasing thyroxine level.

Decreases thyroid hyperplasia, returns normal condition by inactivating TSH.

Excess iodine inhibits thyroid hormone production.

A thyroid hormone that lowers blood calcium levels.

Fasting blood glucose is normal, but after glucose, it spikes above 180 mg/dl, falling rapidly back to normal in under 2 hours.

Blood glucose levels don't rise normally after a glucose load.

Hemoglobin with glucose attached, reflecting long-term blood sugar control.

Diabetes is diagnosed with an HbA1c of 6.5% or greater.

Fructose attached to protein, reflecting average blood sugar over 2-3 weeks.

Secreted with insulin; better indicator of beta-cell function than insulin itself.

Fasting serum C-peptide levels help differentiate between Type I and Type II diabetes.

Used to check for early signs of diabetic kidney disease.