Questions and Answers
What are Consumer Services?
What is the definition of Business Services?
Facilitate the activities of other businesses, including professional, financial, transportation, and information.
What do Public Services provide?
Security and protection for citizens and businesses.
Who proposed Central Place Theory?
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Which of the following is NOT an assumption of Christaller's theory?
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What defines a Central Place?
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What is the Range of a service?
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What does the Threshold refer to in Central Place Theory?
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Low order services are considered simple, basic services.
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High order services include specialized services such as universities.
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What defines the Sphere of Influence?
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What does the Rank Size Rule state?
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What is the Primate City Rule?
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Give an example of a Primate City.
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What is the Gravity Model used for?
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What is Distance Decay?
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What do Offshore Financial Services provide?
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What is Outsourcing?
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Define Clustered Rural Settlement.
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What characterizes a Circular Rural Settlement?
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What is a Linear Rural Settlement?
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Study Notes
Consumer Services
- Services provided to individual consumers, including retail, wholesale, health, education, leisure, and hospitality.
- These services cater to customers with purchasing power and are integral to U.S. job markets.
Business Services
- Designed to facilitate the functioning of other businesses.
- Includes professional, financial, transportation, and information services.
Public Services
- Security and protection services tailored for citizens and businesses.
- Includes government employment and police services, classified as public goods.
Central Place Theory
- Developed by German geographer Walter Christaller in 1933.
- Describes the spatial distribution, size, and number of settlements to identify profitable service locations.
Christaller Assumptions
- Based on an isotropic surface that is flat and uniform.
- Assumes evenly distributed population and resources with similar purchasing power.
- Consumers prefer nearest market due to equal transportation costs and perfect competition.
Central Place
- A settlement serving as a provider of services to surrounding populations.
Market Place / Hinterland
- The geographic area surrounding a central place providing services.
Range
- Refers to the maximum distance consumers are willing to travel to access a service.
Threshold
- The minimum population necessary to sustain a particular service.
Low Order Services
- Basic, everyday services such as grocery stores.
High Order Services
- Specialized services requiring more advanced infrastructure like universities.
Low Order Settlement
- Settlements that primarily offer low order services.
High Order Settlements
- Settlements that provide high order services.
Sphere of Influence
- The area impacted by a central place's services.
Rank Size Rule
- A pattern where the nth-largest settlement has a population of 1/n times that of the largest settlement.
- Example: If the largest has 100,000, the second would have 50,000.
Primate City Rule
- The largest city is more than double the population of the second-largest city.
- Notable examples include Mexico City (8.9 million) and Guadalajara (1.5 million).
Primate City
- A city serving as the primary financial, political, and demographic hub of a country.
Advantages of Primate Cities
- Ability to leverage large-scale economies and attract international investments.
- Serve as prime locations for migration and provide extensive resources, services, and infrastructure.
Disadvantages of Primate Cities
- Issues with housing shortages, traffic congestion, crime, and pollution.
- Urban-rural inequalities and concentration of resources leading to increased land value and progressive urban cores.
Primate City Examples
- Major cities functioning as primate cities include Paris, London, Mexico City, and Bangkok.
Gravity Model
- A theoretical model predicting interaction levels between two geographic locations.
Reilly's Law of Gravitation
- An adaptation of the gravity model focusing on trade area boundaries between cities of equal size.
- Defines a breaking point where the hinterlands of two cities meet, with smaller cities attracting closer proximity.
Distance Decay
- The principle stating that geographic proximity affects interaction likelihood; greater distances reduce interactions.
- Closely related to the gravity model and Reilly's retail gravitation law.
Offshore Financial Services
- Small nations, such as islands, offering low or no taxes and stringent privacy/bank secrecy laws.
Outsourcing
- The practice of contracting outsourced tasks like insurance claims and transcription work, often for lower wages to English-speaking workers.
Basic Industries
- Industries that export goods and services outside the local settlement.
Non-Basic Industries
- Industries that serve customers living in the same community.
Clustered Rural Settlement
- A type of rural environment where homes and farms are closely situated, with agricultural fields surrounding them, commonly referred to as hamlets or villages.
Circular Rural Settlement
- Characterized by a central open space surrounded by buildings, often seen in Kraal villages in sub-Saharan Africa.
Linear Rural Settlements
- Arranged along a road, river, or dike, facilitating communication, with fields extending behind buildings, such as the French long-lot system.
Dispersed Rural Settlements
- A settlement pattern where farms and homes are spaced out over a larger area, promoting individual land use.
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