Untitled Quiz

Acetaminophen is toxic to cats because they lack the enzymes to process it, leading to methemoglobinemia (dark blood) and Heinz bodies.

Heinz body anemia can be caused by methylene blue, molybdenum deficiency, rye grass, brassica family, onions, and other toxins.

Onions can cause hemolytic anemia in animals (especially dogs), leading to hemoglobinuria and hemoglobinemia due to oxidative damage to red blood cells.

Certain lilies (e.g., Stargazer lily) are toxic to cats and can cause acute renal failure.

Zealalenone, a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium, affects pigs, causing hyperestrogenism and pseudopregnancy.

Salt poisoning in animals causes excessive blood sodium, leading to brain water imbalance, potentially resulting in neurologic signs (like head pressing).

High copper levels in feed can be toxic to sheep, leading to health problems.

Rehydration must be done slowly when treating salt poisoning because rapid rehydration can cause water to diffuse uncontrollably into the brain.

Rapid insulin release causing hypoglycemia, vomiting, weakness, and potentially seizures or coma in dogs.

Venom that affects acetylcholine, causing ascending motor paralysis and peripheral nerve damage in animals.

Anticoagulant rodenticide that interferes with clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X.

Causes high anion gap, metabolic acidosis, calcium oxalate crystalluria, and potential kidney damage from methanol metabolite formation.

Inhibits acetylcholinesterase, leading to muscarinic signs like hypersalivation and incoordination in animals.

High phosphorus content leading to hypocalcemia (low calcium), hypernatremia, and hyperphosphatemia due to colon absorption.

Antagonizes glycine action, leading to uncontrolled muscle spasms and convulsions.

Contains methylxanthines causing CNS excitation, tachycardia, and vasoconstriction.

Alters sodium ion channels causing prolonged depolarization, leading to depression, hypersalivation, and ataxia in cats.

Inhibits epoxide reductase, impacting vitamin K and clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X.

A lack of copper in sheep's diet can lead to two neurological conditions: enzootic ataxia (in lambs 1-2 months old) and swayback (in very young lambs or congenitally).

Neurological disorder in lambs 1-2 months old caused by copper deficiency. Symptoms include incoordination, weakness, and tremors.

Neurological disorder affecting very young lambs or lambs with a congenital copper deficiency. Characterized by progressive ascending paralysis, starting in the hind limbs.

A condition in ruminants primarily caused by hypomagnesemia, often seen in lactating animals in early spring.

A deficiency of magnesium in the blood. Can lead to grass tetany because magnesium is crucial for nervous system function.

Ingestion of certain grasses like phalaris, lolium, cynodon, and paspalum, can cause stiff-legged gait, hyperexcitability, nystagmus, head tremors, and falling.

Black walnut ingestion can cause laminitis in horses.

A toxin found in moldy red clover that causes excessive salivation (hypersalivation).

A toxin produced by blue-green algae (Anabaena, Microcystis, Aphanizomenon) that causes post-synaptic depolarizing block, leading to muscle weakness, respiratory distress, and death. It is absorbed through mucous membranes.

Symptoms of blue-green algae poisoning include miosis (constricted pupils), salivation, bradycardia, diarrhea, ataxia (incoordination), convulsions, and death, often within minutes.

Nightshade contains atropine-like alkaloids, causing parasympatholytic effects (blocking acetylcholine). Symptoms include dilated pupils, progressive paralysis, and CNS depression.

Water hemlock is highly toxic, especially the leaves. It causes grand mal seizures, salivation, rapid breathing, and death. It can also cause birth defects similar to lupine.

Commonly caused by contaminated petroleum products (e.g., used motor oil). Symptoms include acute blindness, dullness, weakness, vocalization, and unawareness of surroundings. Rumen contents may have an oily sheen.

Treat lead poisoning with Calcium EDTA to chelate the lead. Use calcium to prevent hypocalcemia, do not use sodium EDTA.

Sorghum poisoning causes myelomalacia (softening) of the lower spinal cord, resulting in pelvic limb incoordination, urine dribbling, and death.

Yellow star thistle causes nicropallidal encephalomalacia (destruction of brain tissue) leading to loss of prehension, tremors, dysphagia, and inability to eat. Prognosis is grave, euthanasia is often recommended.

Fescue, contaminated with Neotyphodium coenophialum fungus, produces ergopeptine alkaloids, which are dopamine agonists. This leads to prolactin suppression, affecting mares with reproductive problems like thickened placenta, dystocia, agalactia, prolonged gestation, and weak or stillborn foals. Notably, it does not cause congenital defects.

Lupine ingestion, particularly during pregnancy, can lead to ‘crooked calf disease’ characterized by arthrogryposis (joint contractures), malpositioning in the uterus, and cleft palate.

Ingestion of ponderosa pine needles, especially in the last trimester of pregnancy, can result in abortion and retained placenta.

Bracken fern contains toxic glycoside (ptaquiloside) and thiaminase, leading to bone marrow suppression (low neutrophils and lymphocytes), enzootic hematuria (hemorrhagic cystitis), and potentially polioencephalomalacia (in horses) due to thiaminase deficiency.

Cyanide poisoning, caused by plants like choke cherry, arrow grass, Sudan grass, Johnson grass, and Sorghum, inhibits cellular respiration, leading to bright red mucous membranes, bright red blood, and a bitter almond smell in the gastrointestinal tract.

Carbon monoxide poisoning presents with cherry red mucous membranes, differentiating from cyanide poisoning by the absence of the bitter almond smell.

Moldy sweet clover contains dicumarol, a vitamin K antagonist, interfering with the production of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X, leading to hemorrhage (not hemolysis). This is diagnosed by prolonged prothrombin time (PT).

Anthrax primarily affects horses and cows, causing sudden death, colic, fever, and subcutaneous edema. Notably, dead animals do not show signs of rigor mortis, and unclotted blood exudes from their orifices.

Ionophores, like monensin, are coccidiostats used in cattle but are highly toxic to horses. They can cause myocardial necrosis and dilated cardiomyopathy, leading to heart murmur, respiratory distress, staggering, sweating, and hemoglobinuria.

Perilla mint contains toxins that damage type I pneumocytes and bronchiolar epithelial cells, causing dyspnea, frothing at the mouth, and wet, emphysematous lungs on necropsy. It can lead to permanent lung fibrosis.

Moldy sweet potatoes infected with Fusarium solani produce 4-ipomeanol, causing atypical interstitial pneumonia. Symptoms include grunting, frothing at the mouth, deep cough, respiratory distress, and death within 2-5 days.

Brassica plants like rape, kale, and turnips contain tryptophan that converts to 3-methyl-indole (3-MI), causing FOG fever in cattle. This leads to acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema, with symptoms like frothy nasal discharge, SQ emphysema, loud cough, and open mouth breathing.

These alkaloids found in plants like fiddleneck, common groundsel, and ragwort can cause acute liver failure, hepatic encephalopathy, and icterus by inhibiting hepatocyte mitosis.

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning is diagnosed by observing megalocytosis, periportal fibrosis, and bile duct hyperplasia in the liver.

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning can cause secondary photosensitization, leading to sunburned white areas on the skin. This happens because damaged liver cells can't clear normal chlorophyll breakdown products (phylloerythrin), causing UV damage to the skin.

A condition caused by ingesting plants containing photosensitizing substances (e.g. St. John's Wort). It results from abnormal production of photosensitizing compounds, causing UV damage to the skin.