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What substance is toxic to cats and can lead to methemoglobinemia?
What substance is toxic to cats and can lead to methemoglobinemia?
Which of the following foods is known to cause hemolytic anemia due to oxidative damage to red blood cells?
Which of the following foods is known to cause hemolytic anemia due to oxidative damage to red blood cells?
What is the primary treatment for acetaminophen toxicity in cats?
What is the primary treatment for acetaminophen toxicity in cats?
In cases of salt poisoning, what is a significant neurological symptom that might be observed?
In cases of salt poisoning, what is a significant neurological symptom that might be observed?
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What condition can be caused by the ingestion of red maple leaves in horses?
What condition can be caused by the ingestion of red maple leaves in horses?
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Copper toxicity is particularly common in which type of animal?
Copper toxicity is particularly common in which type of animal?
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What is a serious consequence of rehydrating a brain that has experienced salt poisoning too quickly?
What is a serious consequence of rehydrating a brain that has experienced salt poisoning too quickly?
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What condition may result from the ingestion of lilies in cats?
What condition may result from the ingestion of lilies in cats?
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What condition is primarily associated with low copper intake in sheep?
What condition is primarily associated with low copper intake in sheep?
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What is a common symptom of hypomagnesemia in lactating animals?
What is a common symptom of hypomagnesemia in lactating animals?
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Which toxin is primarily associated with hypersalivation in cattle?
Which toxin is primarily associated with hypersalivation in cattle?
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What is the primary health issue caused by black walnut exposure in horses?
What is the primary health issue caused by black walnut exposure in horses?
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Which of these conditions results from exposure to Phalaris grasses?
Which of these conditions results from exposure to Phalaris grasses?
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What type of poisoning can cause renal failure and may lead to cardiovascular shock in horses?
What type of poisoning can cause renal failure and may lead to cardiovascular shock in horses?
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Which condition is characterized by progressive ascending paralysis in very young lambs?
Which condition is characterized by progressive ascending paralysis in very young lambs?
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What effect does excess nitrogen and potassium fertilization have on magnesium absorption?
What effect does excess nitrogen and potassium fertilization have on magnesium absorption?
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What is a significant reproductive issue caused by fescue consumption in mares?
What is a significant reproductive issue caused by fescue consumption in mares?
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Which plant is associated with 'crooked calf disease'?
Which plant is associated with 'crooked calf disease'?
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What clinical sign is associated with cyanide poisoning?
What clinical sign is associated with cyanide poisoning?
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What treatment is not recommended for cyanide poisoning?
What treatment is not recommended for cyanide poisoning?
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Which condition is specifically indicated by the use of prothrombin time (PT) in diagnosis?
Which condition is specifically indicated by the use of prothrombin time (PT) in diagnosis?
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What characterized the clinical presentation of anthrax in horses?
What characterized the clinical presentation of anthrax in horses?
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What is the primary effect of bracken fern toxicity?
What is the primary effect of bracken fern toxicity?
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Which of the following conditions is caused by high nitrate levels?
Which of the following conditions is caused by high nitrate levels?
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What is the primary problem caused by xylitol ingestion in dogs?
What is the primary problem caused by xylitol ingestion in dogs?
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What is the best treatment for a dog that has ingested rodenticides like warfarin?
What is the best treatment for a dog that has ingested rodenticides like warfarin?
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Which of the following describes the action of organophosphates in animals?
Which of the following describes the action of organophosphates in animals?
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What is the primary effect of blue green algae toxins on the nervous system?
What is the primary effect of blue green algae toxins on the nervous system?
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When treating ethylene glycol toxicity, what is the role of 4-methylpyrazole?
When treating ethylene glycol toxicity, what is the role of 4-methylpyrazole?
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Which symptom is NOT associated with water hemlock toxicity?
Which symptom is NOT associated with water hemlock toxicity?
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What is the main treatment for lead poisoning in animals?
What is the main treatment for lead poisoning in animals?
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What clinical symptoms might suggest a black widow spider bite on an animal?
What clinical symptoms might suggest a black widow spider bite on an animal?
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Which of the following is a symptom of yellow star thistle toxicity?
Which of the following is a symptom of yellow star thistle toxicity?
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Which condition is most likely to occur from ingestion of chocolate in animals?
Which condition is most likely to occur from ingestion of chocolate in animals?
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What effect does strychnine have on the neural pathways of affected animals?
What effect does strychnine have on the neural pathways of affected animals?
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What developmental defects are caused by false hellbore if ingested during day 14 of gestation?
What developmental defects are caused by false hellbore if ingested during day 14 of gestation?
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What is the primary concern when treating an animal that has ingested fleet enemas?
What is the primary concern when treating an animal that has ingested fleet enemas?
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Which organism is known to cause fetal abnormalities such as abortion and bent legs?
Which organism is known to cause fetal abnormalities such as abortion and bent legs?
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Lead poisoning primarily results from exposure to:
Lead poisoning primarily results from exposure to:
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Which of the following treatments is NOT appropriate for ethylene glycol poisoning in cats?
Which of the following treatments is NOT appropriate for ethylene glycol poisoning in cats?
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What neurological effect is associated with perennial ryegrass when infected with an endophytic fungus?
What neurological effect is associated with perennial ryegrass when infected with an endophytic fungus?
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What is a possible complication of severe organophosphate toxicity?
What is a possible complication of severe organophosphate toxicity?
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What type of toxins do milkweed, oleander, and rhododendron represent?
What type of toxins do milkweed, oleander, and rhododendron represent?
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Which plant is associated with causing atypical interstitial pneumonia due to the production of 4-ipomeanol?
Which plant is associated with causing atypical interstitial pneumonia due to the production of 4-ipomeanol?
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Which clinical sign is NOT typically associated with cardiac toxin exposure in horses?
Which clinical sign is NOT typically associated with cardiac toxin exposure in horses?
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What is the primary physiological effect of pyrrolizidine alkaloids on hepatocytes?
What is the primary physiological effect of pyrrolizidine alkaloids on hepatocytes?
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Brassica plants are known to cause which condition in cattle due to high tryptophan content?
Brassica plants are known to cause which condition in cattle due to high tryptophan content?
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What condition can result from exposure to hepatic toxins and secondary photosensitization?
What condition can result from exposure to hepatic toxins and secondary photosensitization?
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Which of the following is a diagnostic feature indicative of liver damage caused by hepatotoxic substances?
Which of the following is a diagnostic feature indicative of liver damage caused by hepatotoxic substances?
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Which of the following symptoms is associated with pulmonary toxins like perilla mint?
Which of the following symptoms is associated with pulmonary toxins like perilla mint?
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Study Notes
Toxicology - Small Animals
- Xylitol: Rapid insulin release in dogs, monitor for hypoglycemia. Symptoms include vomiting, weakness, ataxia, depression, hypokalemia, seizures, and coma. Less common is hepatic failure. Treatment includes fluids with dextrose, baseline glucose testing, liver function tests (coagulation values as well), and hepatoprotectants if needed. Do not induce emesis.
- Bleach: Dilute stomach with milk, do not induce emesis. Can cause further damage to GI tract.
- Black Widow Spiders: Acetylcholine is the toxin binds calcium channels, leading to ascending paralysis, weakness and destruction of peripheral nerves, recumbency, vocalization, pain, muscle spasms, and eventual respiratory/cardiovascular failure.
- Rodenticides (Warfarin): Anticoagulant that interferes with Vitamin K-dependent clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X. Prolonged prothrombin time (PT). Give Vitamin K1, or plasma if chronic exposure.
- Rodenticides (Brodifacoum): Inhibits epoxide reductase, leading to loss of Vitamin K and prolonged PT. Give Vitamin K.
- Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3): Can convert to active Vitamin D and cause fatal hypercalcemia.
- Ethylene glycol: High anion gap, azotemia, calcium oxalate crystalluria, metabolic acidosis, hyperglycemia, and polyuria or oliguria. Treatment focuses on alcohol dehydrogenase inhibition with 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP).
- Ethanol: Ethanol competes with alcohol dehydrogenase for the conversion of ethylene glycol. Therefore, treatment with 4-MP is better when given soon after exposure than ethanol alone. Does not cause hyperosmolality.
- Organophosphates: Inhibit acetylcholinesterase. Symptoms include hypersalivation, incoordination, and bloat. Treatment is with atropine or 2-PAM (pralidoxime).
- Fleet Enemas: High in phosphorus, leading to decreased serum calcium.
Toxicology - Large Animals
- Copper: Toxicity can cause hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia in sheep.
- Chocolate: Contains methylxanthines, which cause CNS excitation (tachycardia, vasoconstriction)
- Pyrethrins: Toxic to cats, altering activity of sodium ion channels. Symptoms include depression, hypersalivation, ataxia, and muscle tremors.
- Acetominophen (APAP): Cats lack glutathione and glucoronyl transferase, leading to methemoglobinemia and Heinz bodies.
- Onions: Can cause hemolytic anemia in animals.
- Lillies: Cause acute renal failure in cats.
- Grapes and Raisins: Cause acute renal failure in cats.
- Other Plants: Various plants can cause toxicity in large animals (e.g., peace lily, spring lily, Easter lily).
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