HLTH 103: Genomics and Health
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What is the definition of genetic essentialism?

The notion that being human means having a human genome (all the genes in an organism).

What is the definition of genetic determinism?

The idea that our genes determine, direct, or cause everything about us.

A significant amount of evidence supports genetic determinism.

False

Many diseases can be attributed to mutations in specific genes.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prenatal screening can potentially eliminate traits through gene therapy.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of gene therapy?

<p>To cure diseases caused by mutations in specific genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of gene therapy?

<p>Somatic gene therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does somatic gene therapy aim to do?

<p>Cure a genetic disorder by inserting a functioning gene(s) into patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does germ-line therapy aim to do?

<p>Correct genetic problems in the germ line (sperm and eggs) so that mutations cannot be passed on.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the disease that was the first successful case of somatic gene therapy?

<p>Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell is missing an enzyme in SCID?

<p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the missing enzyme in SCID?

<p>Adenosine deaminase (ADA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was used to deliver the gene for the missing enzyme in SCID gene therapy?

<p>A virus (phage)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of disease does hemophilia fall under?

<p>Loss-of-function disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

A loss-of-function disease occurs when a gene produces a protein that functions incorrectly.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of disease does sickle cell anemia fall under?

<p>Gain-of-function disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

A gain-of-function disease occurs when a gene produces an abnormal protein that either inhibits or disrupts normal protein function.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern regarding the effectiveness of gene therapy?

<p>It depends on whether the disease is a loss-of-function or gain-of-function disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Germ-line therapy is currently considered safe and ethical.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common argument against germ-line therapy?

<p>It could alter how we feel about the sick and disabled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of gene therapy is completely safe.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trait is influenced by multiple genes?

<p>Skin and eye color.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the alternative to gene therapy currently being explored for permanently altering genes?

<p>Stem cell therapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a stem cell?

<p>Cells that can renew themselves and give rise to other cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stem cells come from a single source and have identical capabilities.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are adult stem cells?

<p>Stem cells derived from adult tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adult stem cells are more flexible than embryonic stem cells.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Totipotent cells can create any cell in an organism.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does pluripotent mean in the context of stem cells?

<p>Capable of producing any of the cells of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cloning is a single-faceted process with no variations.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of therapeutic cloning?

<p>To produce embryos as sources of healthy stem cells for medical treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of reproductive cloning?

<p>To create an embryo that will develop into offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique is used to avoid rejection in therapeutic cloning?

<p>Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between adult and embryonic stem cells?

<p>Adult stem cells are limited in their development flexibility compared to embryonic stem cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Somatic cell nuclear transfer is commonly used in both therapeutic and reproductive cloning.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Current laws prohibit the use of reproductive cloning in the United States.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of stem cell research has resulted in advancements in treating Parkinson's disease.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can altering the genes of embryonic stem cells be beneficial for medical research?

<p>It allows for creating human disease models.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stem cell therapy has been proven to be completely safe and risk-free.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major concern regarding the safety of stem cell therapy?

<p>Transplanted stem cells are not always perfectly matched, so rejection can occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hormone treatment for egg donation is a common side effect of stem cell therapy.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical concern arises from stem cell therapy?

<p>It could be used for enhancements rather than for medical purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concern regarding the impact of stem cell therapy on human lifespan?

<p>It might extend the human lifespan beyond what is beneficial to society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What new body of information does the ability to identify disease genes create?

<p>Privacy concerns regarding access to genetic information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical concern arises from making decisions about what traits are desirable in individuals?

<p>The danger of a new eugenic movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the case study involving Carrie Buck?

<p>The misuse of eugenics laws.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of vitamin A deficiency?

<p>Lack of access to fresh produce and meat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The precursor to vitamin A found in Golden Rice is naturally present in the plant.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organism was used to insert the precursor gene into Golden Rice?

<p>Agrobacterium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Golden Rice is an example of a genetically modified organism (GMO).

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three essential components of gene packaging in genetic engineering?

<p>Extra DNA at the beginning and end of the gene, start and stop sections for gene transcription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called where a cell takes in foreign DNA from another source?

<p>Transformation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What bacterial species is commonly used in plant genetic engineering?

<p>Agrobacterium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genetic engineering can only be used for creating entirely new organisms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first drug produced using genetic engineering?

<p>Insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genetic engineering has been used for producing clotting factors and erythropoietin?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of using bacteria to clean up environmental contaminants called?

<p>Bioremediation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of using bacteria to dissolve metals from ores called?

<p>Bioleaching.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Horizontal gene transfer occurs only in genetically engineered organisms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern related to the spreading of genetically engineered genes in the environment?

<p>The potential consequences are still unknown.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five key areas of discussion related to the impact of genetic engineering?

<p>Risks, safety, economics, ethics, and effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the notion that being human means having a human genome?

<p>Genetic essentialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the idea of genetic determinism imply about our genes?

<p>They determine, direct, or cause everything about us.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of therapy attempts to cure diseases caused by mutations in specific genes?

<p>Gene therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many types of gene therapy are there?

<p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the first successful gene therapy?

<p>SCID</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of cells are affected in SCID?

<p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the enzyme that is missing in SCID?

<p>Adenosine deaminase (ADA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of biological agents were used to deliver the ADA gene in SCID therapy?

<p>Viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of disease is hemophilia an example of?

<p>Loss-of-function disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of disease is sickle cell an example of?

<p>Gain-of-function disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Somatic gene therapy aims to correct genetic problems in the sex cells, preventing them from being passed on to offspring.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process used to avoid rejection in therapeutic cloning?

<p>Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reproductive cloning aims to create embryos for use in medical treatment.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells have the ability to renew themselves and give rise to other cells?

<p>Stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the stem cells derived from the adult?

<p>Adult stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Embryonic stem cells are considered totipotent.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the support structures that the trophoblast forms during embryonic development?

<p>Placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process determines which genes are active in a particular cell?

<p>Cellular differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to all types of blood cells.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone stimulates increased red blood cell production by stem cells in the bone marrow?

<p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of cloning?

<p>Therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reproductive cloning has been allowed by the federal government in the United States.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the genetically modified rice that was engineered to produce beta-carotene?

<p>Golden rice</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the toxin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis?

<p>Bt toxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What herbicide is glyphosate commonly found in?

<p>Roundup</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organism is Agrobacterium?

<p>Bacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genetically engineered plants can produce their own pesticides.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the first drug produced using genetic engineering?

<p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the transfer of genes between individuals of the same generation?

<p>Horizontal gene transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Horizontal gene transfer only occurs in laboratory settings

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biological Determinants of Health - Genomics

  • HLTH 103 course covers the biological determinants of health, specifically focusing on genomics.
  • Module 06 Outline: Includes case studies, gene therapy, stem cells, biotechnology (with Golden Rice), and genetic engineering. Discusses risks, benefits, ethics, and other considerations for each topic.
  • Case Study: Carrie Buck & Eugenics: Carrie Buck was involuntarily sterilized due to a 1920s eugenics law. She was deemed "feebleminded," but the case faced later criticism. The Supreme Court upheld the sterilization.
  • Genetic Essentialism: The concept that being human is defined by having a specific human genome (all genes).
  • Genetic Determinism: The theory that genes dictate all aspects of a person. A significant amount of evidence suggests this idea is inaccurate.
  • Gene Therapy: The use of genes to treat diseases. Two types: Somatic (treats cells/tissues of an individual) and Germ-line (alters traits in reproductive cells which may carry through generations).
  • Genetic Therapy examples: Diseases caused by mutations in specific genes (Table 8.1 shows some examples). Prenatal screening attempts to weed out certain traits.
  • Somatic Gene Therapy: Used to treat a genetic disorder by inserting a functioning gene into patients. SCID (a severe immunodeficiency disease) was a key example where a first success occurred in 1990 using lymphocytes (white blood cells) and adenosine deaminase (ADA).
  • Steps in Somatic Gene Therapy: Initial isolate of lymphocytes and stem cells. Cloning of genes into harmless viruses inserted into genomes. Injection of the altered cells back into the patient.
  • Gene Therapy Example – Loss-of-function: Hemophilia (factor VIII deficiency), in which one or two working copies are insufficient for proper blood clotting. Without working copies, there will be no protein.
  • Gene Therapy Example – Gain-of-function: Sickle cell, where a mutated copy leads to an abnormal protein, and thus problems like heart attacks.
  • Gene Therapy Risks and Benefits: The notes discuss the effectiveness being dependent on the type of disease (loss or gain of function). Ethical issues are also addressed.
  • Gene Therapy and Other Traits: Some traits are influenced by multiple genes. The example of skin color shows that even traits like skin and eye color are not strictly determined by one gene, but through multiple genes combined.
  • Life Application: Sex Selection: There's a trend in certain cultures to prefer male children, leading to disproportionate male births. Selective abortion of female fetuses has shifted this balance.
  • Stem Cells: Not solely a gene therapy topic. Gene therapy is one technology being developed for permanently altering genes. Stem cells have the capability to renew themselves and differentiate into different cell types. Adult and embryonic stem cells differ in functionality. Different embryonic stages affect how differentiated the cells are.
  • Stem Cells and Cloning: Two kinds of cloning – therapeutic cloning which is used for healthy stem cells for medical purposes, and reproductive cloning to create organisms that are genetically similar.
  • Stem Cell Benefits: Research in rats showcases the potential for stem cells in regenerating diseased tissues, and creating better disease models and drug testing.
  • Stem Cell Risks: Concerns include transplant issues, risks of procedures such as egg donation, and their possible use for enhancement instead of treatment.
  • Medical Technology and Other Challenges: The ability to identify disease genes raises privacy concerns about who has access to this information and its uses. Accessibility differences based on socioeconomic backgrounds. Discusses the danger of returning to eugenic thinking. Looks at issues like hormone treatment impacting egg donation and possible implications of extended life spans.
  • Case Study: Golden Rice: Two German scientists genetically engineered Golden Rice; by inserting a gene from another species to produce a precursor in the body that transforms into vitamin A.
  • Golden Rice: Addresses Vitamin A deficiency as a problem.
  • Case Study: Golden Rice - Additional Points: Ancient selective breeding led to better crops with nutritional value.
  • Genetic Engineering in Plants: GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms): Discussion of how crops are modified.
  • GMOs Purposes: Discusses pesticide production, herbicide resistance, and increases in nutritional value as reasons for altering plants genetically.
  • Pesticide Production (GMOs): Bt crops manufacture their own pesticides.
  • Herbicide Resistance (GMOs): Genetically altered plants have enzymes for resistance to herbicides. (example – Round Up-tolerant crops)
  • Increased Nutritional Value (GMOs): GMOs with altered nutritional content (Golden Rice, soybeans and canola oil with omega-3s).
  • Genetic Engineering Steps: The process of genetic engineering from identifying a problem to confirming a modified strain and use of bacteria.
  • Genetic Engineering and Our Environment: Horizontal gene transfer occurring naturally in bacteria and plants. Risks of the spread of genetically modified genes in the environment.
  • Risks, Benefits, Ethics, Challenges & Other Considerations: Discussion of the impacts of genetic engineering. Examines the safety, economics, ethics, the effects on human use of engineering and how we know if an approach is effective.

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HLTH 103 Biological Determinants of Health Genomics - Presentation Notes

Description

This quiz explores the biological determinants of health in the context of genomics, focusing on case studies, gene therapy, and genetic engineering. You'll also delve into ethical considerations and the controversial history of eugenics as exemplified by the Carrie Buck case. Assess your understanding of the implications of genomics on health and society.

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