Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was the name of the colony where Carrie Buck was sent to live?
What was the name of the colony where Carrie Buck was sent to live?
The Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded
Carrie Buck was actually epileptic and feebleminded.
Carrie Buck was actually epileptic and feebleminded.
False (B)
What was the name of Carrie Buck's child?
What was the name of Carrie Buck's child?
Vivien
The Supreme Court ruled that Carrie Buck should not be sterilized.
The Supreme Court ruled that Carrie Buck should not be sterilized.
What does genetic essentialism refer to?
What does genetic essentialism refer to?
Genetic determinism suggests that our genes influence our abilities and characteristics, but do not completely determine them.
Genetic determinism suggests that our genes influence our abilities and characteristics, but do not completely determine them.
What is gene therapy?
What is gene therapy?
Which of these are types of gene therapy?
Which of these are types of gene therapy?
What does SCID stand for?
What does SCID stand for?
What enzyme is missing in individuals with SCID?
What enzyme is missing in individuals with SCID?
What was the first successful application of somatic gene therapy?
What was the first successful application of somatic gene therapy?
Which of these is NOT an example of a potential application of gene therapy?
Which of these is NOT an example of a potential application of gene therapy?
What type of disease is hemophilia considered?
What type of disease is hemophilia considered?
Germ-line therapy aims to correct genetic problems in the germ-line so that future generations are not affected by inherited genetic disorders.
Germ-line therapy aims to correct genetic problems in the germ-line so that future generations are not affected by inherited genetic disorders.
What is one of the main arguments against germ-line therapy?
What is one of the main arguments against germ-line therapy?
Some argue that germ-line therapy is essentially playing God, as it allows humans to manipulate the natural course of inheritance.
Some argue that germ-line therapy is essentially playing God, as it allows humans to manipulate the natural course of inheritance.
What type of cell is capable of differentiating into any type of cell in the body?
What type of cell is capable of differentiating into any type of cell in the body?
Which of these is NOT a potential benefit of stem cell research?
Which of these is NOT a potential benefit of stem cell research?
What is the main difference between therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning?
What is the main difference between therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning?
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is used in therapeutic cloning to avoid rejection of the transplanted stem cells by the patient's immune system.
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is used in therapeutic cloning to avoid rejection of the transplanted stem cells by the patient's immune system.
What are two examples of genetic engineering applications in the field of medicine?
What are two examples of genetic engineering applications in the field of medicine?
Bioremediation refers to the use of genetically engineered organisms to clean up contaminated environments.
Bioremediation refers to the use of genetically engineered organisms to clean up contaminated environments.
Bioleaching is a process that uses genetically engineered bacteria to extract valuable metals from ores.
Bioleaching is a process that uses genetically engineered bacteria to extract valuable metals from ores.
What is one of the key ethical concerns surrounding the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?
What is one of the key ethical concerns surrounding the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?
What is horizontal gene transfer?
What is horizontal gene transfer?
Horizontal gene transfer is a natural process that occurs in some bacteria and plants.
Horizontal gene transfer is a natural process that occurs in some bacteria and plants.
What is the main concern regarding the potential consequences of "spreading" genetically engineered genes in the environment?
What is the main concern regarding the potential consequences of "spreading" genetically engineered genes in the environment?
What are the three main categories of risks associated with genetic engineering?
What are the three main categories of risks associated with genetic engineering?
The ethics of genetic engineering are only relevant to the agricultural sector.
The ethics of genetic engineering are only relevant to the agricultural sector.
What is one of the major ethical concerns related to the use of GMOs in agriculture?
What is one of the major ethical concerns related to the use of GMOs in agriculture?
What is one example of a potential benefit of genetic engineering in agriculture?
What is one example of a potential benefit of genetic engineering in agriculture?
What is one example of a potential risk associated with the use of GMOs in agriculture?
What is one example of a potential risk associated with the use of GMOs in agriculture?
The use of GMOs is a universally accepted and widely supported practice.
The use of GMOs is a universally accepted and widely supported practice.
What is Golden Rice?
What is Golden Rice?
The development of Golden Rice was primarily driven by commercial interests, aiming to create a high-profit crop.
The development of Golden Rice was primarily driven by commercial interests, aiming to create a high-profit crop.
What is one of the main arguments for the use of Golden Rice?
What is one of the main arguments for the use of Golden Rice?
The use of GMOs in agriculture is not controversial and faces no significant regulatory obstacles.
The use of GMOs in agriculture is not controversial and faces no significant regulatory obstacles.
What is one of the key challenges for the wider adoption of Golden Rice?
What is one of the key challenges for the wider adoption of Golden Rice?
What is the primary purpose of genetic engineering in plants?
What is the primary purpose of genetic engineering in plants?
The development of herbicide-resistant crops has been universally praised for its benefits to agriculture.
The development of herbicide-resistant crops has been universally praised for its benefits to agriculture.
What is one example of a genetically engineered crop designed to enhance nutritional value?
What is one example of a genetically engineered crop designed to enhance nutritional value?
Which of these is NOT a potential negative consequence of the widespread use of genetically engineered crops?
Which of these is NOT a potential negative consequence of the widespread use of genetically engineered crops?
The use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agriculture is a new and rapidly developing field, with limited research to date.
The use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agriculture is a new and rapidly developing field, with limited research to date.
What is one of the key challenges in developing and deploying new genetic engineering techniques?
What is one of the key challenges in developing and deploying new genetic engineering techniques?
The ethical aspects of genetic engineering are of limited importance compared to its potential benefits.
The ethical aspects of genetic engineering are of limited importance compared to its potential benefits.
What is one of the key areas where the ethical and societal implications of genetic engineering are actively debated?
What is one of the key areas where the ethical and societal implications of genetic engineering are actively debated?
Genetic engineering is a purely scientific endeavor, with no significant implications for society or the environment.
Genetic engineering is a purely scientific endeavor, with no significant implications for society or the environment.
What is one of the key factors that needs to be addressed for the responsible and ethical use of genetic engineering?
What is one of the key factors that needs to be addressed for the responsible and ethical use of genetic engineering?
Flashcards
Eugenics
Eugenics
The belief that improving the human race involves preventing certain people with perceived biological defects from having children.
Carrie Buck Case
Carrie Buck Case
A landmark case where a woman was sterilized due to a perceived biological defect, despite not being defective.
Genetic Essentialism
Genetic Essentialism
The idea that being human is defined by having the human genome.
Genetic Determinism
Genetic Determinism
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Somatic Gene Therapy
Somatic Gene Therapy
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Germ-line Gene Therapy
Germ-line Gene Therapy
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SCID
SCID
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ADA enzyme
ADA enzyme
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Loss-of-function disease
Loss-of-function disease
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Gain-of-function disease
Gain-of-function disease
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Stem cells
Stem cells
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Totipotent
Totipotent
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Pluripotent
Pluripotent
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Therapeutic Cloning
Therapeutic Cloning
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Reproductive Cloning
Reproductive Cloning
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Horizontal Gene Transfer
Horizontal Gene Transfer
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GMOs
GMOs
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Golden Rice
Golden Rice
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Biotechnology
Biotechnology
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Gene Therapy
Gene Therapy
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Sex Selection
Sex Selection
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Study Notes
Biological Determinants of Health (Genomics)
- HLTH 103 course covers biological determinants of health, specifically genomics.
- Module 06: Contains topics: Case Study: Carrie Buck & Eugenics, Gene Therapy, Stem Cells, and Biotechnology (Golden Rice).
Case Study: Carrie Buck & Eugenics
- Carrie Buck was committed to a colony for the feebleminded in 1920.
- She was deemed "feebleminded" but spent her life in the colony despite not meeting the criteria.
- Carrie was removed from school (by Dobbs) and essentially 'loaned' to other households.
- She got pregnant at 17, claiming rape.
- The case became a test for a new eugenics law.
- This law stated that individuals deemed biologically defective could be sterilized.
- The Supreme Court upheld the sterilization of Carrie Buck.
Gene Therapy
- Many diseases are caused by mutations in specific genes.
- Prenatal screening can help weed out traits.
- Gene therapy aims to cure diseases by inserting functional genes into patients.
- Two types: somatic and germ line.
- Somatic Gene Therapy: Aims to cure a genetic disorder by inserting a normally functioning gene into patients. Success was seen in 1990 with SCID.
- The treatment involves using a virus to insert the needed gene.
- Germ-line therapy: Aims to correct genetic problems in sperm and eggs to prevent the mutation from being passed on.
- Examples of diseases linked to specific genes (Table 8.1): Huntington's disease, Juvenile epilepsy, Cystic fibrosis, Wilms tumor-1, Retinoblastoma, Polycystic kidney disease, Cataract, Malignant hyperthermia, Alzheimer's disease, and Retinitis pigmentosa (listed by chromosome location).
Stem Cells
- Gene therapy is not the only biotechnological method to alter genes permanently.
- Stem cells are capable of renewing themselves and producing other cells.
- Stem cells come from various sources.
- Adult stem cells (limited flexibility). Embryonic stem cells (pluripotent).
- Embryonic stem cells can be isolated from 5-7 day-old embryos. They are pluripotent.
- Stages of the embryo and stem cell development: Single-cell embryo, three-day embryo, five- to seven-day embryo, four-week embryo, six-week embryo, infant, child, adult.
- Different types of stem cells: Totipotent, pluripotent.
- Therapeutic cloning: Cloning embryos for stem cell harvesting to treat diseases.
- Reproductive cloning: Creating an embryo to be implanted—usually for reproduction.
Genetic Engineering
- Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have altered genetic material.
- Golden rice (humanitarian effort) and other GMOs are prevalent (especially in agriculture).
- GMOs used for: pesticide production, herbicide resistance, and increased nutritional value.
- Golden rice: Provides beta-carotene for Vitamin A production.
- Soybeans and canola: Contain omega-3 fatty acids.
Horizontal Gene Transfer
- Genes can be transferred between individuals of the same generation.
- Bacteria and plants undergo horizontal gene transfer naturally.
- Potential consequences exist when genetically engineered genes spread in the environment.
Risks, Benefits, Ethics, Challenges, and Considerations
- Risks, benefits, ethics, challenges, and considerations surrounding genetic engineering. Questions raised in the course include: safety of genetic engineering, feasibility of the methodology, economic impacts (especially for farmers), downstream consequences on environment, and ethical questions on the use of this technology.
Case Study: Golden Rice
- Vitamin A deficiency is a problem in many countries.
- Golden rice is genetically engineered to produce beta-carotene.
- Beta-carotene is converted to vitamin A by the body.
Life Applications: Sex Selection
- Male children are often preferred and more boys are born than girls in certain regions. This caused a gender ratio shift.
- Selective abortion/sex determination influenced gender ratios in specific regions.
- Efforts are needed to rebalance the gender ratio in the future.
Medical Technology and Other Challenges
- Privacy: The ability to identify disease genes through methods such as the Guthrie test. Concerns about who should have access to this information.
- Accessibility: Concerns over accessibility of medical technology to people of all economic backgrounds.
- Eugenic Concerns: The danger of using technology for eugenics and creating a set of desirable characteristics.
Additional Information
- Overview of biotechnology in relation to diseases and health.
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Description
This quiz focuses on Module 06 of HLTH 103, covering essential topics in genomics, including the case study of Carrie Buck and the implications of eugenics. Additionally, it explores the concepts of gene therapy, stem cells, and the use of biotechnology such as Golden Rice. Test your understanding of how these biological determinants affect health.
