HLTH 103: Biological Determinants of Health
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Questions and Answers

What was the name of the colony where Carrie Buck was sent to live?

The Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded

Carrie Buck was actually epileptic and feebleminded.

False

What was the name of Carrie Buck's child?

Vivien

The Supreme Court ruled that Carrie Buck should not be sterilized.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does genetic essentialism refer to?

<p>The notion that being human means having a human genome (all the genes in an organism)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genetic determinism suggests that our genes influence our abilities and characteristics, but do not completely determine them.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gene therapy?

<p>Gene therapy attempts to cure diseases by repairing or replacing defective genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are types of gene therapy?

<p>Germ-line therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does SCID stand for?

<p>Severe Combined Immunodeficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme is missing in individuals with SCID?

<p>Adenosine deaminase (ADA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the first successful application of somatic gene therapy?

<p>Treating children with SCID</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT an example of a potential application of gene therapy?

<p>Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of disease is hemophilia considered?

<p>Loss-of-function disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Germ-line therapy aims to correct genetic problems in the germ-line so that future generations are not affected by inherited genetic disorders.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main arguments against germ-line therapy?

<p>It could alter how society views the sick and disabled</p> Signup and view all the answers

Some argue that germ-line therapy is essentially playing God, as it allows humans to manipulate the natural course of inheritance.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell is capable of differentiating into any type of cell in the body?

<p>Pluripotent stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a potential benefit of stem cell research?

<p>Creating genetically identical copies of humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning?

<p>Therapeutic cloning aims to produce stem cells for medical treatment, while reproductive cloning aims to create a genetically identical individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is used in therapeutic cloning to avoid rejection of the transplanted stem cells by the patient's immune system.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two examples of genetic engineering applications in the field of medicine?

<p>Production of insulin and erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bioremediation refers to the use of genetically engineered organisms to clean up contaminated environments.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bioleaching is a process that uses genetically engineered bacteria to extract valuable metals from ores.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key ethical concerns surrounding the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is horizontal gene transfer?

<p>The transfer of genes between individuals of the same generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Horizontal gene transfer is a natural process that occurs in some bacteria and plants.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern regarding the potential consequences of "spreading" genetically engineered genes in the environment?

<p>The potential for unintended consequences on ecosystems and human health</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main categories of risks associated with genetic engineering?

<p>Risks, safety, and effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ethics of genetic engineering are only relevant to the agricultural sector.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major ethical concerns related to the use of GMOs in agriculture?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of a potential benefit of genetic engineering in agriculture?

<p>Increased crop yield or enhanced nutritional content</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of a potential risk associated with the use of GMOs in agriculture?

<p>The potential for the development of herbicide-resistant weeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of GMOs is a universally accepted and widely supported practice.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Golden Rice?

<p>A genetically engineered rice variety enriched with beta-carotene, which the body converts into vitamin A</p> Signup and view all the answers

The development of Golden Rice was primarily driven by commercial interests, aiming to create a high-profit crop.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main arguments for the use of Golden Rice?

<p>It can potentially help combat vitamin A deficiency, particularly in regions where it is prevalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of GMOs in agriculture is not controversial and faces no significant regulatory obstacles.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key challenges for the wider adoption of Golden Rice?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of genetic engineering in plants?

<p>To improve crop yields, enhance nutritional content, and create crops that are more resistant to pests, diseases, and herbicides</p> Signup and view all the answers

The development of herbicide-resistant crops has been universally praised for its benefits to agriculture.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of a genetically engineered crop designed to enhance nutritional value?

<p>Golden Rice, engineered to provide a source of Vitamin A</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a potential negative consequence of the widespread use of genetically engineered crops?

<p>The development of new and innovative crop varieties</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agriculture is a new and rapidly developing field, with limited research to date.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key challenges in developing and deploying new genetic engineering techniques?

<p>Ensuring the safety and effectiveness of the engineered organisms, while minimizing the risk of unintended negative consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ethical aspects of genetic engineering are of limited importance compared to its potential benefits.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key areas where the ethical and societal implications of genetic engineering are actively debated?

<p>The use of genetic engineering in human reproduction, such as preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) or germ-line therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genetic engineering is a purely scientific endeavor, with no significant implications for society or the environment.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key factors that needs to be addressed for the responsible and ethical use of genetic engineering?

<p>Public engagement and informed consent regarding the use of this technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biological Determinants of Health (Genomics)

  • HLTH 103 course covers biological determinants of health, specifically genomics.
  • Module 06: Contains topics: Case Study: Carrie Buck & Eugenics, Gene Therapy, Stem Cells, and Biotechnology (Golden Rice).

Case Study: Carrie Buck & Eugenics

  • Carrie Buck was committed to a colony for the feebleminded in 1920.
  • She was deemed "feebleminded" but spent her life in the colony despite not meeting the criteria.
  • Carrie was removed from school (by Dobbs) and essentially 'loaned' to other households.
  • She got pregnant at 17, claiming rape.
  • The case became a test for a new eugenics law.
  • This law stated that individuals deemed biologically defective could be sterilized.
  • The Supreme Court upheld the sterilization of Carrie Buck.

Gene Therapy

  • Many diseases are caused by mutations in specific genes.
  • Prenatal screening can help weed out traits.
  • Gene therapy aims to cure diseases by inserting functional genes into patients.
  • Two types: somatic and germ line.
  • Somatic Gene Therapy: Aims to cure a genetic disorder by inserting a normally functioning gene into patients. Success was seen in 1990 with SCID.
    • The treatment involves using a virus to insert the needed gene.
  • Germ-line therapy: Aims to correct genetic problems in sperm and eggs to prevent the mutation from being passed on.
  • Examples of diseases linked to specific genes (Table 8.1): Huntington's disease, Juvenile epilepsy, Cystic fibrosis, Wilms tumor-1, Retinoblastoma, Polycystic kidney disease, Cataract, Malignant hyperthermia, Alzheimer's disease, and Retinitis pigmentosa (listed by chromosome location).

Stem Cells

  • Gene therapy is not the only biotechnological method to alter genes permanently.
  • Stem cells are capable of renewing themselves and producing other cells.
  • Stem cells come from various sources.
    • Adult stem cells (limited flexibility). Embryonic stem cells (pluripotent).
  • Embryonic stem cells can be isolated from 5-7 day-old embryos. They are pluripotent.
  • Stages of the embryo and stem cell development: Single-cell embryo, three-day embryo, five- to seven-day embryo, four-week embryo, six-week embryo, infant, child, adult.
  • Different types of stem cells: Totipotent, pluripotent.
  • Therapeutic cloning: Cloning embryos for stem cell harvesting to treat diseases.
  • Reproductive cloning: Creating an embryo to be implanted—usually for reproduction.

Genetic Engineering

  • Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have altered genetic material.
  • Golden rice (humanitarian effort) and other GMOs are prevalent (especially in agriculture).
  • GMOs used for: pesticide production, herbicide resistance, and increased nutritional value.
    • Golden rice: Provides beta-carotene for Vitamin A production.
    • Soybeans and canola: Contain omega-3 fatty acids.

Horizontal Gene Transfer

  • Genes can be transferred between individuals of the same generation.
  • Bacteria and plants undergo horizontal gene transfer naturally.
  • Potential consequences exist when genetically engineered genes spread in the environment.

Risks, Benefits, Ethics, Challenges, and Considerations

  • Risks, benefits, ethics, challenges, and considerations surrounding genetic engineering. Questions raised in the course include: safety of genetic engineering, feasibility of the methodology, economic impacts (especially for farmers), downstream consequences on environment, and ethical questions on the use of this technology.

Case Study: Golden Rice

  • Vitamin A deficiency is a problem in many countries.
  • Golden rice is genetically engineered to produce beta-carotene.
  • Beta-carotene is converted to vitamin A by the body.

Life Applications: Sex Selection

  • Male children are often preferred and more boys are born than girls in certain regions. This caused a gender ratio shift.
  • Selective abortion/sex determination influenced gender ratios in specific regions.
  • Efforts are needed to rebalance the gender ratio in the future.

Medical Technology and Other Challenges

  • Privacy: The ability to identify disease genes through methods such as the Guthrie test. Concerns about who should have access to this information.
  • Accessibility: Concerns over accessibility of medical technology to people of all economic backgrounds.
  • Eugenic Concerns: The danger of using technology for eugenics and creating a set of desirable characteristics.

Additional Information

  • Overview of biotechnology in relation to diseases and health.

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HLTH 103 Biological Determinants of Health Genomics - Presentation Notes

Description

This quiz focuses on Module 06 of HLTH 103, covering essential topics in genomics, including the case study of Carrie Buck and the implications of eugenics. Additionally, it explores the concepts of gene therapy, stem cells, and the use of biotechnology such as Golden Rice. Test your understanding of how these biological determinants affect health.

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