حكم محمد علي وتوسعاته في السودان

• These are study notes about the reign and expansion of Muhammad Ali in Sudan.

Mining and Industry

• Muhammad Ali was interested in searching for and investing in minerals such as iron and gold.
• He established a number of factories in Khartoum, including a gunpowder factory.
• He established a dockyard for shipbuilding, with a workshop attached for reshaping iron and a factory for trading timber.

Trade and Transportation

• Muhammad Ali oversaw trade routes, assigning tribal leaders to protect them.
• He developed river navigation, making Khartoum one of the most important commercial stations in Africa.

European Countries' Stance on Muhammad Ali's Expansions

• Major European powers allied with the Ottoman Sultan to stop Muhammad Ali's expansions, which conflicted with their economic interests.
• The Treaty of London was concluded in 1840 AD
• Muhammad Ali had to relinquish most of the lands he ruled outside Egypt.
• Muhammad Ali obtained hereditary rule over Egypt and Sudan through a decree from the Ottoman Sultan in 1841 AD

Why Muhammad Ali Established the City of Kassala

• It was constructed with towers and military fortifications and had a permanent military garrison. Resulting in a population shift to it from neighboring areas.
• It became one of the most important administrative cities in eastern Sudan.

Judicial Reforms

• Muhammad Ali implemented Ottoman law to resolve disputes between Sudanese citizens, replacing traditional tribal practices.
• A judge was appointed in each directorate with defined authority, and a head of judges was appointed in the state as the final authority.

Education

• Muhammad Ali established schools all over Sudan to teach reading, writing, and memorizing the Qur'an.
• He also created some formal schools in urban areas.
• He sent Sudanese students on missions to Egypt to receive education, especially in the military and administrative fields.
• Sudanese young people sought knowledge at Al-Azhar due to the improved roads between Egypt and Sudan and the establishment of security.

Economic Advancement

• In agriculture, Muhammad Ali sent Egyptian farmers to train Sudanese people in modern farming methods.
• He oversaw irrigation projects, installing waterwheels and digging irrigation canals, increasing the area of agricultural land.
• He introduced the cultivation of some crops such as cotton, sugar cane, and some fruit trees.
• He was interested in improving animal production with the goal of exporting livestock.

Aspects of the Modern Renaissance in Sudan Under Muhammad Ali's Rule

• Muhammad Ali Pasha is credited with the renaissance of Sudan, as he introduced aspects of the modern renaissance.

Administrative Reforms

• Muhammad Ali established a modern system of governance and administration in Sudan, similar to the system he established in Egypt.
• Security was established in Sudan after tribes had been scattered and fighting.
• The governor of Sudan was appointed with military and civil authority, reporting to the Department of Interior in Egypt.
• Sudan was divided into seven directorates, each with a director appointed to manage its affairs under the administration of the governor of Sudan.
• Muhammad Ali prosecuted a number of civil servants, seizing their funds due to their mismanagement and exploitation of their positions.

Military Development

• Muhammad Ali established military garrisons in Sudan to provide security and protection.
• These garrisons consisted of Egyptian and Sudanese soldiers, with a small number of Turkish soldiers.

Urban Renaissance

• Muhammad Ali was interested in establishing some cities in Sudan, including Khartoum and Kassala.
• Muhammad Ali founded Khartoum to be the capital of Sudan, the headquarters of the governor, and a military camp.
• He established many government buildings, two mosques, a hospital, a dockyard for building Nile ships, and many warehouses and factories.

Ismail Pasha's Campaign (Son of Muhammad Ali)

• It arrived in Sennar in 1821 AD.
• Some Egyptian and French scholars accompanied it to explore the area.
• The campaign took control of several cities, including Fazogli, Wadi Halfa, Marawi, Barbar, Korti, Dunqula, Omdurman, Shendi and Sinar.

Muhammad Ali's Campaign to Sudan

• Muhammad Ali launched a campaign to Sudan in 1838 AD to inspect the Egyptian administration.
• A reason was searching for minerals, and he succeeded in reaching gold mines in Dongola.
• To order the abolition of the slave trade, it led to attempts that continued for long decades to end this inhuman trade.

What is meant by the slave trade?

• The sale and purchase of people as slaves and their exploitation in forced labor and their denial of freedom.

Salim Bey's Voyages Captain

• He was an Egyptian geographer and naval officer.
• He made three consecutive trips to explore the sources of the White Nile River until he reached near the equatorial lakes from which the Nile River originates.

Reasons for Muhammad Ali's Expansions in Africa

• Muhammad Ali launched several military campaigns and exploratory trips to Sudan in order to achieve political ambitions.
• This included expanding the borders of Egypt and forming a great empire.
• Another reason was to eliminate the Mamluks who fled from Egypt to Sudan for fear of the Mamluks regrouping.
• He wanted to allied with Britain and returning to restore the rule of Egypt.

Military Goals

• Securing the southern borders of Egypt and facilitating its defense against any threats.
• He recruited Sudanese people because they were known for their strength and courage.

Geographical Goals

• He wanted to explore the sources of the Nile River and the equatorial regions.

Economical Goals

• To invest in the economic resources in Sudan, such as gold, ivory, gum arabic, etc.

Muhammad Ali Missions to Explore Africa

• Many regions of Africa remained unknown to Egypt despite the cultural contact between Egypt.
• Muhammad Ali sent many campaigns and expeditions to explore these regions and to find the sources of the Nile River.