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Questions and Answers

Who is the person responsible for management of on-scene emergency response operations?

The incident commander

What does APIET stand for?

Access, Plan, Initiate, Execute, Terminate

Assess, Prepare, Initiate, Execute, Track

Analyze, Plan, Implement, Evaluate, Terminate (correct)

Analyze, Prepare, Implement, Evaluate, Test

What outlines the basic tactical functions to be evaluated and implemented in accidents involving hazardous materials?

The eight step process

Analyzing the product and what its effects are as a part of __________.

Analyzing the incident Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of hazardous materials databases?

Databases will not present the information exactly the same from site to site and may be outdated. Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of resources to help identify hazardous material?

Hazardous materials databases, monitoring equipment, reference manuals and guidebooks, technical information centers, and technical information specialists. Signup and view all the answers

Product, container, environment are all __________ of the incident.

Components Signup and view all the answers

Spill, leak, fire are all __________ of an incident.

Elements Signup and view all the answers

Hazard, damage, vulnerability/risk are all __________ of an incident.

Subgroups Signup and view all the answers

What is a measurement of radioactivity?

Counts per million Signup and view all the answers

What poses an immediate threat to life or causes irreversible or delayed adverse health effects?

Immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) Signup and view all the answers

What is a dose at the mouth of the pathogen necessary to manifest its pathogenicity?

Infectious dose Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for the concentration of a substance that may kill?

Lethal concentration (LC50) Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the dose that will kill?

Lethal dose (LD50) Signup and view all the answers

What is based on volume expressed at a ratio of the volume of contaminants compared to the volume of air?

Parts per million/parts per billion Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum time-weighted concentration at which 95% of exposed, healthy adults suffer no adverse effects over a 40 hour work week?

Permissible exposure limit (PEL) Signup and view all the answers

What is the English system unit used to measure the amount of radiation energy absorbed by material?

Radiation absorbed dose (RAD) Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit that takes into account the effectiveness of different types of radiation?

Roentgen equivalent man (REM) Signup and view all the answers

What is one thousandth of a REM?

Millirem Signup and view all the answers

What is one millionth of a REM?

Microrem Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum concentration that should not be exceeded?

Threshold limit value ceiling (TLV-C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the 15 minute time-weighted average exposure limit?

Threshold limit/short-term exposure limit (TLV-STEL) Signup and view all the answers

What is the airborne concentration of a material to which an average, healthy person may be exposed repeatedly for eight hours each day without suffering adverse effects?

Threshold limit/time weighted average (TLV-TWA) Signup and view all the answers

1 + 2 = length of time.

Concentration plus toxicity Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of obtaining local weather conditions and predictions for short-term future weather changes?

Local dispatch, weather channel, local airport, local weather phone recordings, and modem satellite technology on hazmat units. Signup and view all the answers

What is the rapid onset of severe symptoms due to a single exposure called?

Acute toxicity Signup and view all the answers

What are affects that develop hours or longer after exposure called?

Delayed toxicity Signup and view all the answers

What is the body's response to a chemical, biological, or radiological dose?

Dose response Signup and view all the answers

What occurs at the site where the material contacts the body?

Local effects Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when a substance is taken into the body and enters the blood where it goes to a body system or organ?

Systemic effect Signup and view all the answers

What are routes of exposure?

Innovation, ingestion, absorption, injection. Signup and view all the answers

What are combined effects of more than one chemical causing a greater effect on the body than each by itself?

Synergistic effects Signup and view all the answers

What are agents that cause disease in humans, plants, and animals?

Biological agents and toxins Signup and view all the answers

What disrupts the body's ability to transfer oxygen from the bloodstream to cells?

Blood agents Signup and view all the answers

What can damage the membranes of the lungs causing coughing, choking, and tightness of the chest?

Choking agents Signup and view all the answers

What are materials that are dispersed in a liquid spray and can cause pain or burning on exposed mucous membranes and skin?

Irritants Signup and view all the answers

What are agents that attack the central nervous system?

Nerve agents Signup and view all the answers

What is the material that emits radiation?

Radiological material Signup and view all the answers

What are chemical agents that pose both a liquid and vapor threat to exposed skin and mucous membranes?

Vesicants Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of changing exposures contacted?

Providing shelter, beginning evacuation, and personal protective equipment. Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of changing applied stress?

Move stressor, move stress system, and shield stress system. Signup and view all the answers

What is the physical process of absorbing or picking up a liquid hazardous material?

Absorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical process by which a sorbate interacts with a solid sorbent surface?

Adsorption Signup and view all the answers

What is an appropriate form agent to cover the surface of a spill?

Blanketing Signup and view all the answers

What is a physical method of confinement which consists of placing a plastic cover or tarp over a spill of dust powder material?

Covering Signup and view all the answers

What is the isolation of biological, chemical, radioactive or other hazardous substances to a defined area?

Contamination isolation Signup and view all the answers

What is the physical method of confinement by which barriers are constructed to prevent or reduce the quantity of liquid flowing into the environment?

Damming Signup and view all the answers

What is the physical method of confinement by which barriers are constructed on the ground to control the movement of liquids, sludges, solids, or other materials?

Diking Signup and view all the answers

What is a chemical method by which a water-soluble solution is diluted by adding a large volume of water to the spill?

Dilution Signup and view all the answers

What is a chemical method of confinement by which certain chemical and biological agents are used to disperse or break up the material involved in a liquid spill on water?

Dispersion Signup and view all the answers

What is a physical method of confinement by which barriers are constructed on the ground or placed in a waterway to control the movement of a hazardous material?

Diversion Signup and view all the answers

What is the strategy of minimizing the damage from fire at a hazmat incident?

Fire suppression Signup and view all the answers

What is a chemical method of containment by which a hazmat is neutralized by applying a second material?

Neutralization Signup and view all the answers

What is a physical method of containment by which a leaking container is placed inside a larger undamaged overpack container?

Overpacking Signup and view all the answers

What is a physical method of containment that uses chemically compatible patches and plugs?

Patching and plugging Signup and view all the answers

What involves placing material over a breach to keep the hazmat inside of the container?

Patching Signup and view all the answers

What involves putting something into a breach to reduce flow?

Plugging Signup and view all the answers

What is a physical or chemical method of containment by which the internal pressure of a container is reduced?

Pressure isolation and reduction Signup and view all the answers

What is a physical method of confinement by which a liquid is temporarily contained in an area?

Retention Signup and view all the answers

What is a chemical method of containment by which a liquid substance is treated to form a solid?

Solidification Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of physically moving a liquid, gas, or solid from a leaking or damaged container?

Transfer Signup and view all the answers

What involves moving vapors to one area?

Vapor control Signup and view all the answers

What provides responders with the highest level of protection?

Level A Signup and view all the answers

What should be selected when the highest level of respiratory protection is needed?

Level B Signup and view all the answers

What consists of a full face air purifying respirator?

Level C Signup and view all the answers

What is your work uniform typically called?

Level D Signup and view all the answers

What is the physical destruction of a clothing material due to exposure called?

Degradation Signup and view all the answers

What is the flow or movement of a hazardous chemical through closures and imperfections called?

Penetration Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which a hazardous chemical moves through a given material on the molecular level?

Permeation Signup and view all the answers

What needs to be established prior to allowing responders to enter the scene?

Back up teams, hand signals, medical monitoring, personal accountability. Signup and view all the answers

What is used to identify the strategic goals, tactical objectives and support requirements for the incident?

The incident action plan Signup and view all the answers

What must be developed to be consistent with local SOPs and LERPs?

Incident action plans Signup and view all the answers

What are strategies used by the incident commander to protect the general populace from hazardous materials?

Public protective actions (PPAs) Signup and view all the answers

What is the strategy that involves directing people to go inside a building and seal it?

In-place protection Signup and view all the answers

What is the controlled relocation of people from an area of known danger to a safer area?

Evacuation Signup and view all the answers

What are implemented when the incident affects one or two buildings in the vicinity?

Limited scale evacuations Signup and view all the answers

What involves the relocation of large populations from a hazardous area?

Full-scale evacuations Signup and view all the answers

What standardizes the planning process for incident operations?

The planning P Signup and view all the answers

What is typically five individuals and depends on the task to be performed?

Optimum span of control Signup and view all the answers

Who are the officers of the command staff?

Safety officer, liaison officer, public information officer Signup and view all the answers

What may be used in incidents where multiple agencies are present?

Joint information center Signup and view all the answers

What are the functional areas known as ICFLOPS?

Incident commander, finance section, logistics section, operation section, planning section, staging Signup and view all the answers

What is the organizational level having functional or geographic responsibilities for major segments of incident operations?

Branch Signup and view all the answers

What are the branches of a hazmat incident?

Decontamination, entry/back up, hazardous materials director/group supervisor, hazardous material safety, information/research Signup and view all the answers

What mandates the establishment of both state and local planning groups to review or develop hazardous materials response plans?

SARA, Title III Signup and view all the answers

Who is specifically responsible for developing and coordinating the local emergency response system and capabilities?

The LEPC Signup and view all the answers

What must the emergency plan identify?

Pre-emergency planning coordination/personal roles, lines of authority, training and communication/site security and control/emergency medical treatment and first aid. Signup and view all the answers

Who has authority pertaining to the production, transportation, storage, and use of hazardous materials?

Local, state, regional and federal government agencies. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Incident Commander and Hazmat Operations

The Incident Commander oversees on-scene emergency response operations, requiring specific awareness and operational training.
APIET acronym stands for Analyze, Plan, Implement, Evaluate, Terminate, guiding the hazmat response process.

Incident Evaluation Processes

The Eight Step Process outlines fundamental tactical functions necessary for responding to hazardous material accidents.
Analyzing the product and its effects is crucial in the analysis of the incident.

Hazardous Materials Databases

A disadvantage of hazardous materials databases is variability in information across sites, which may be outdated.
Resources for identifying hazardous materials include databases, monitoring equipment, reference manuals, and technical information centers.

Incident Components and Elements

Key components of an incident include the product, container, and environment.
Elements of an incident cover conditions like spills, leaks, and fires.

Incident Subgroups and Toxicity Measures

Subgroups such as hazard, damage, and vulnerability are crucial in understanding incidents.
Counts per Million measures radioactivity, reflecting the level of exposure.

Health and Exposure Limits

Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) refers to conditions posing immediate health threats.
Lethal Concentration (LC50) is a dosage measure that can cause death, whereas Lethal Dose (LD50) indicates a dose likely to kill.

Exposure and Toxicity Regulations

Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) is the maximum allowable concentration of a hazardous substance under OSHA regulations.
Threshold Limit Values (TLV) include:
- Ceiling (TLV-C): Maximum concentration not to be exceeded.
- Short-Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL): Average exposure over 15 minutes, not to be repeated excessively.
- Time-Weighted Average (TLV-TWA): Sustained exposure level for 8 hours daily without adverse effects.

Acute and Delayed Toxicity

Acute Toxicity refers to immediate severe symptom onset from a single exposure.
Delayed Toxicity develops over hours or longer post-exposure.

Exposure Routes and Effects

Routes of exposure include inhalation, ingestion, absorption, and injection.
Synergistic Effects result when the combined impact of multiple chemicals exceeds individual effects.

Types of Hazardous Agents

Biological Agents and toxins cause diseases, while Blood Agents disrupt oxygen transfer.
Nerve Agents affect the central nervous system, and Vesicants cause severe skin damage.

Change Exposure and Stress Management

Altering exposure can involve sheltering, evacuation, and using personal protective equipment.
Modifying applied stress includes moving stressors and shielding systems.

Containment and Mitigation Techniques

Methods for containment include Absorption, Adsorption, Covering, and Damming.
Neutralization chemically reacts with hazardous substances to reduce risks.

Protective Equipment Levels

Level A provides the highest protection for responders.
Level B is suited for high respiratory protection needs, while Level C offers chemical-resistant gear for lower risks.
Level D refers to standard work uniforms.

Incident Management and Control

The Incident Action Plan outlines strategic goals and support needs for the response.
Public Protective Actions (PPAs) include strategies for sheltering-in-place or evacuating populations.

Evacuation Procedures

Limited Scale Evacuations affect a few buildings, while Full-Scale Evacuations relocate large groups from hazardous areas.

Organizational Structure

The Optimum Span of Control typically consists of 5 individuals working under the command staff, which includes the Safety Officer and Public Information Officer.
Branches during incidents manage distinct operational segments, including Decontamination and Hazardous Materials Safety.

Regulatory and Planning Frameworks

SARA Title III requires local planning groups to establish hazardous materials response plans.
The Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) is responsible for coordinating emergency response systems.

Emergency Planning and Authority

Emergency plans must address coordination roles, lines of authority, training needs, and medical response protocols.
Several government agencies oversee the regulation of hazardous material production, transportation, and disposal.

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