Podcast
Questions and Answers
Who is the person responsible for management of on-scene emergency response operations?
Who is the person responsible for management of on-scene emergency response operations?
The incident commander
What does APIET stand for?
What does APIET stand for?
- Access, Plan, Initiate, Execute, Terminate
- Assess, Prepare, Initiate, Execute, Track
- Analyze, Plan, Implement, Evaluate, Terminate (correct)
- Analyze, Prepare, Implement, Evaluate, Test
What outlines the basic tactical functions to be evaluated and implemented in accidents involving hazardous materials?
What outlines the basic tactical functions to be evaluated and implemented in accidents involving hazardous materials?
The eight step process
Analyzing the product and what its effects are as a part of __________.
Analyzing the product and what its effects are as a part of __________.
What is a disadvantage of hazardous materials databases?
What is a disadvantage of hazardous materials databases?
What are examples of resources to help identify hazardous material?
What are examples of resources to help identify hazardous material?
Product, container, environment are all __________ of the incident.
Product, container, environment are all __________ of the incident.
Spill, leak, fire are all __________ of an incident.
Spill, leak, fire are all __________ of an incident.
Hazard, damage, vulnerability/risk are all __________ of an incident.
Hazard, damage, vulnerability/risk are all __________ of an incident.
What is a measurement of radioactivity?
What is a measurement of radioactivity?
What poses an immediate threat to life or causes irreversible or delayed adverse health effects?
What poses an immediate threat to life or causes irreversible or delayed adverse health effects?
What is a dose at the mouth of the pathogen necessary to manifest its pathogenicity?
What is a dose at the mouth of the pathogen necessary to manifest its pathogenicity?
What term is used for the concentration of a substance that may kill?
What term is used for the concentration of a substance that may kill?
What term refers to the dose that will kill?
What term refers to the dose that will kill?
What is based on volume expressed at a ratio of the volume of contaminants compared to the volume of air?
What is based on volume expressed at a ratio of the volume of contaminants compared to the volume of air?
What is the maximum time-weighted concentration at which 95% of exposed, healthy adults suffer no adverse effects over a 40 hour work week?
What is the maximum time-weighted concentration at which 95% of exposed, healthy adults suffer no adverse effects over a 40 hour work week?
What is the English system unit used to measure the amount of radiation energy absorbed by material?
What is the English system unit used to measure the amount of radiation energy absorbed by material?
What is the unit that takes into account the effectiveness of different types of radiation?
What is the unit that takes into account the effectiveness of different types of radiation?
What is one thousandth of a REM?
What is one thousandth of a REM?
What is one millionth of a REM?
What is one millionth of a REM?
What is the maximum concentration that should not be exceeded?
What is the maximum concentration that should not be exceeded?
What is the 15 minute time-weighted average exposure limit?
What is the 15 minute time-weighted average exposure limit?
What is the airborne concentration of a material to which an average, healthy person may be exposed repeatedly for eight hours each day without suffering adverse effects?
What is the airborne concentration of a material to which an average, healthy person may be exposed repeatedly for eight hours each day without suffering adverse effects?
1 ____________ + 2 ____________ = length of time.
1 ____________ + 2 ____________ = length of time.
What are examples of obtaining local weather conditions and predictions for short-term future weather changes?
What are examples of obtaining local weather conditions and predictions for short-term future weather changes?
What is the rapid onset of severe symptoms due to a single exposure called?
What is the rapid onset of severe symptoms due to a single exposure called?
What are affects that develop hours or longer after exposure called?
What are affects that develop hours or longer after exposure called?
What is the body's response to a chemical, biological, or radiological dose?
What is the body's response to a chemical, biological, or radiological dose?
What occurs at the site where the material contacts the body?
What occurs at the site where the material contacts the body?
What occurs when a substance is taken into the body and enters the blood where it goes to a body system or organ?
What occurs when a substance is taken into the body and enters the blood where it goes to a body system or organ?
What are routes of exposure?
What are routes of exposure?
What are combined effects of more than one chemical causing a greater effect on the body than each by itself?
What are combined effects of more than one chemical causing a greater effect on the body than each by itself?
What are agents that cause disease in humans, plants, and animals?
What are agents that cause disease in humans, plants, and animals?
What disrupts the body's ability to transfer oxygen from the bloodstream to cells?
What disrupts the body's ability to transfer oxygen from the bloodstream to cells?
What can damage the membranes of the lungs causing coughing, choking, and tightness of the chest?
What can damage the membranes of the lungs causing coughing, choking, and tightness of the chest?
What are materials that are dispersed in a liquid spray and can cause pain or burning on exposed mucous membranes and skin?
What are materials that are dispersed in a liquid spray and can cause pain or burning on exposed mucous membranes and skin?
What are agents that attack the central nervous system?
What are agents that attack the central nervous system?
What is the material that emits radiation?
What is the material that emits radiation?
What are chemical agents that pose both a liquid and vapor threat to exposed skin and mucous membranes?
What are chemical agents that pose both a liquid and vapor threat to exposed skin and mucous membranes?
What are examples of changing exposures contacted?
What are examples of changing exposures contacted?
What are examples of changing applied stress?
What are examples of changing applied stress?
What is the physical process of absorbing or picking up a liquid hazardous material?
What is the physical process of absorbing or picking up a liquid hazardous material?
What is the chemical process by which a sorbate interacts with a solid sorbent surface?
What is the chemical process by which a sorbate interacts with a solid sorbent surface?
What is an appropriate form agent to cover the surface of a spill?
What is an appropriate form agent to cover the surface of a spill?
What is a physical method of confinement which consists of placing a plastic cover or tarp over a spill of dust powder material?
What is a physical method of confinement which consists of placing a plastic cover or tarp over a spill of dust powder material?
What is the isolation of biological, chemical, radioactive or other hazardous substances to a defined area?
What is the isolation of biological, chemical, radioactive or other hazardous substances to a defined area?
What is the physical method of confinement by which barriers are constructed to prevent or reduce the quantity of liquid flowing into the environment?
What is the physical method of confinement by which barriers are constructed to prevent or reduce the quantity of liquid flowing into the environment?
What is the physical method of confinement by which barriers are constructed on the ground to control the movement of liquids, sludges, solids, or other materials?
What is the physical method of confinement by which barriers are constructed on the ground to control the movement of liquids, sludges, solids, or other materials?
What is a chemical method by which a water-soluble solution is diluted by adding a large volume of water to the spill?
What is a chemical method by which a water-soluble solution is diluted by adding a large volume of water to the spill?
What is a chemical method of confinement by which certain chemical and biological agents are used to disperse or break up the material involved in a liquid spill on water?
What is a chemical method of confinement by which certain chemical and biological agents are used to disperse or break up the material involved in a liquid spill on water?
What is a physical method of confinement by which barriers are constructed on the ground or placed in a waterway to control the movement of a hazardous material?
What is a physical method of confinement by which barriers are constructed on the ground or placed in a waterway to control the movement of a hazardous material?
What is the strategy of minimizing the damage from fire at a hazmat incident?
What is the strategy of minimizing the damage from fire at a hazmat incident?
What is a chemical method of containment by which a hazmat is neutralized by applying a second material?
What is a chemical method of containment by which a hazmat is neutralized by applying a second material?
What is a physical method of containment by which a leaking container is placed inside a larger undamaged overpack container?
What is a physical method of containment by which a leaking container is placed inside a larger undamaged overpack container?
What is a physical method of containment that uses chemically compatible patches and plugs?
What is a physical method of containment that uses chemically compatible patches and plugs?
What involves placing material over a breach to keep the hazmat inside of the container?
What involves placing material over a breach to keep the hazmat inside of the container?
What involves putting something into a breach to reduce flow?
What involves putting something into a breach to reduce flow?
What is a physical or chemical method of containment by which the internal pressure of a container is reduced?
What is a physical or chemical method of containment by which the internal pressure of a container is reduced?
What is a physical method of confinement by which a liquid is temporarily contained in an area?
What is a physical method of confinement by which a liquid is temporarily contained in an area?
What is a chemical method of containment by which a liquid substance is treated to form a solid?
What is a chemical method of containment by which a liquid substance is treated to form a solid?
What is the process of physically moving a liquid, gas, or solid from a leaking or damaged container?
What is the process of physically moving a liquid, gas, or solid from a leaking or damaged container?
What involves moving vapors to one area?
What involves moving vapors to one area?
What provides responders with the highest level of protection?
What provides responders with the highest level of protection?
What should be selected when the highest level of respiratory protection is needed?
What should be selected when the highest level of respiratory protection is needed?
What consists of a full face air purifying respirator?
What consists of a full face air purifying respirator?
What is your work uniform typically called?
What is your work uniform typically called?
What is the physical destruction of a clothing material due to exposure called?
What is the physical destruction of a clothing material due to exposure called?
What is the flow or movement of a hazardous chemical through closures and imperfections called?
What is the flow or movement of a hazardous chemical through closures and imperfections called?
What is the process by which a hazardous chemical moves through a given material on the molecular level?
What is the process by which a hazardous chemical moves through a given material on the molecular level?
What needs to be established prior to allowing responders to enter the scene?
What needs to be established prior to allowing responders to enter the scene?
What is used to identify the strategic goals, tactical objectives and support requirements for the incident?
What is used to identify the strategic goals, tactical objectives and support requirements for the incident?
What must be developed to be consistent with local SOPs and LERPs?
What must be developed to be consistent with local SOPs and LERPs?
What are strategies used by the incident commander to protect the general populace from hazardous materials?
What are strategies used by the incident commander to protect the general populace from hazardous materials?
What is the strategy that involves directing people to go inside a building and seal it?
What is the strategy that involves directing people to go inside a building and seal it?
What is the controlled relocation of people from an area of known danger to a safer area?
What is the controlled relocation of people from an area of known danger to a safer area?
What are implemented when the incident affects one or two buildings in the vicinity?
What are implemented when the incident affects one or two buildings in the vicinity?
What involves the relocation of large populations from a hazardous area?
What involves the relocation of large populations from a hazardous area?
What standardizes the planning process for incident operations?
What standardizes the planning process for incident operations?
What is typically five individuals and depends on the task to be performed?
What is typically five individuals and depends on the task to be performed?
Who are the officers of the command staff?
Who are the officers of the command staff?
What may be used in incidents where multiple agencies are present?
What may be used in incidents where multiple agencies are present?
What are the functional areas known as ICFLOPS?
What are the functional areas known as ICFLOPS?
What is the organizational level having functional or geographic responsibilities for major segments of incident operations?
What is the organizational level having functional or geographic responsibilities for major segments of incident operations?
What are the branches of a hazmat incident?
What are the branches of a hazmat incident?
What mandates the establishment of both state and local planning groups to review or develop hazardous materials response plans?
What mandates the establishment of both state and local planning groups to review or develop hazardous materials response plans?
Who is specifically responsible for developing and coordinating the local emergency response system and capabilities?
Who is specifically responsible for developing and coordinating the local emergency response system and capabilities?
What must the emergency plan identify?
What must the emergency plan identify?
Who has authority pertaining to the production, transportation, storage, and use of hazardous materials?
Who has authority pertaining to the production, transportation, storage, and use of hazardous materials?
Study Notes
Incident Commander and Hazmat Operations
- The Incident Commander oversees on-scene emergency response operations, requiring specific awareness and operational training.
- APIET acronym stands for Analyze, Plan, Implement, Evaluate, Terminate, guiding the hazmat response process.
Incident Evaluation Processes
- The Eight Step Process outlines fundamental tactical functions necessary for responding to hazardous material accidents.
- Analyzing the product and its effects is crucial in the analysis of the incident.
Hazardous Materials Databases
- A disadvantage of hazardous materials databases is variability in information across sites, which may be outdated.
- Resources for identifying hazardous materials include databases, monitoring equipment, reference manuals, and technical information centers.
Incident Components and Elements
- Key components of an incident include the product, container, and environment.
- Elements of an incident cover conditions like spills, leaks, and fires.
Incident Subgroups and Toxicity Measures
- Subgroups such as hazard, damage, and vulnerability are crucial in understanding incidents.
- Counts per Million measures radioactivity, reflecting the level of exposure.
Health and Exposure Limits
- Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) refers to conditions posing immediate health threats.
- Lethal Concentration (LC50) is a dosage measure that can cause death, whereas Lethal Dose (LD50) indicates a dose likely to kill.
Exposure and Toxicity Regulations
- Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) is the maximum allowable concentration of a hazardous substance under OSHA regulations.
- Threshold Limit Values (TLV) include:
- Ceiling (TLV-C): Maximum concentration not to be exceeded.
- Short-Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL): Average exposure over 15 minutes, not to be repeated excessively.
- Time-Weighted Average (TLV-TWA): Sustained exposure level for 8 hours daily without adverse effects.
Acute and Delayed Toxicity
- Acute Toxicity refers to immediate severe symptom onset from a single exposure.
- Delayed Toxicity develops over hours or longer post-exposure.
Exposure Routes and Effects
- Routes of exposure include inhalation, ingestion, absorption, and injection.
- Synergistic Effects result when the combined impact of multiple chemicals exceeds individual effects.
Types of Hazardous Agents
- Biological Agents and toxins cause diseases, while Blood Agents disrupt oxygen transfer.
- Nerve Agents affect the central nervous system, and Vesicants cause severe skin damage.
Change Exposure and Stress Management
- Altering exposure can involve sheltering, evacuation, and using personal protective equipment.
- Modifying applied stress includes moving stressors and shielding systems.
Containment and Mitigation Techniques
- Methods for containment include Absorption, Adsorption, Covering, and Damming.
- Neutralization chemically reacts with hazardous substances to reduce risks.
Protective Equipment Levels
- Level A provides the highest protection for responders.
- Level B is suited for high respiratory protection needs, while Level C offers chemical-resistant gear for lower risks.
- Level D refers to standard work uniforms.
Incident Management and Control
- The Incident Action Plan outlines strategic goals and support needs for the response.
- Public Protective Actions (PPAs) include strategies for sheltering-in-place or evacuating populations.
Evacuation Procedures
- Limited Scale Evacuations affect a few buildings, while Full-Scale Evacuations relocate large groups from hazardous areas.
Organizational Structure
- The Optimum Span of Control typically consists of 5 individuals working under the command staff, which includes the Safety Officer and Public Information Officer.
- Branches during incidents manage distinct operational segments, including Decontamination and Hazardous Materials Safety.
Regulatory and Planning Frameworks
- SARA Title III requires local planning groups to establish hazardous materials response plans.
- The Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) is responsible for coordinating emergency response systems.
Emergency Planning and Authority
- Emergency plans must address coordination roles, lines of authority, training needs, and medical response protocols.
- Several government agencies oversee the regulation of hazardous material production, transportation, and disposal.
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