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Questions and Answers
A cell is the largest structural and functional unit of life.
A cell is the largest structural and functional unit of life.
False (B)
Which of the following are examples of Unicellular organisms? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are examples of Unicellular organisms? (Select all that apply)
- Human
- Protista (correct)
- Animals
- Plants
- Amoeba (correct)
- Bacteria (correct)
- Birds
Which of the following are examples of Multicellular organisms?
Which of the following are examples of Multicellular organisms?
- Amoeba
- Plants (correct)
- Bacteria
- Human (correct)
- Animals (correct)
- Protista
- Birds (correct)
The term, "cell" was first coined in the year 1665.
The term, "cell" was first coined in the year 1665.
The main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the presence of a nucleus.
The main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the presence of a nucleus.
Plants and animals are examples of prokaryotic organisms.
Plants and animals are examples of prokaryotic organisms.
What is the primary function of tissues?
What is the primary function of tissues?
How many different types of tissues are there in the animal kingdom?
How many different types of tissues are there in the animal kingdom?
Tissues can only be found in multicellular organisms.
Tissues can only be found in multicellular organisms.
Animal cells are the only type of cell that contains mitochondria.
Animal cells are the only type of cell that contains mitochondria.
A plant cell contains a large, singular vacuole.
A plant cell contains a large, singular vacuole.
What is the purpose behind using tissue culture?
What is the purpose behind using tissue culture?
In tissue culture, cells can only divide, and they cannot alter their size or shape.
In tissue culture, cells can only divide, and they cannot alter their size or shape.
The concept of tissue culture originated from the idea of "totipotent".
The concept of tissue culture originated from the idea of "totipotent".
Gottlieb Haberlandt is known as the "father of plant tissue culture".
Gottlieb Haberlandt is known as the "father of plant tissue culture".
Haberlandt was successful in inducing the growth of isolated photosynthetic leaf cells.
Haberlandt was successful in inducing the growth of isolated photosynthetic leaf cells.
Henning successfully grew isolated embryos of some crucifers on mineral salts and sugar solutions.
Henning successfully grew isolated embryos of some crucifers on mineral salts and sugar solutions.
WJ Robbins and W. Kotte are credited with the development of the concept of organ culture.
WJ Robbins and W. Kotte are credited with the development of the concept of organ culture.
Gautheret successfully cultured cambium cells of Salix caprea and Populus nigra on Knop's solution containing glucose and cysteine hydrochloride.
Gautheret successfully cultured cambium cells of Salix caprea and Populus nigra on Knop's solution containing glucose and cysteine hydrochloride.
Gautheret obtained the first established continuously growing tissue cultures from pea root cambium.
Gautheret obtained the first established continuously growing tissue cultures from pea root cambium.
PR White demonstrated indefinite culture of tomato roots on subculturing in a liquid medium.
PR White demonstrated indefinite culture of tomato roots on subculturing in a liquid medium.
Van Overbeek demonstrated that coconut milk is inessential for the growth and development of very young Datura embryos.
Van Overbeek demonstrated that coconut milk is inessential for the growth and development of very young Datura embryos.
PR White and AC Braun began studying crown galls and tumor formation in plants.
PR White and AC Braun began studying crown galls and tumor formation in plants.
G Morel and Martin C demonstrated that virus-free plants can be recovered from infected plants using shoot meristem culture.
G Morel and Martin C demonstrated that virus-free plants can be recovered from infected plants using shoot meristem culture.
F Skoog, and CO Miller proposed that a particular auxin-cytokinin ratio can control the growth of shoot, and root initiation in cultured callus.
F Skoog, and CO Miller proposed that a particular auxin-cytokinin ratio can control the growth of shoot, and root initiation in cultured callus.
G Melchers and Bergmann L were the first to cultivate haploid tissues other than pollen
G Melchers and Bergmann L were the first to cultivate haploid tissues other than pollen
EC Cocking isolated and cultured protoplasts after digesting the cell walls enzymatically and showed new cell wall regeneration on tomato fruit locule protoplasts.
EC Cocking isolated and cultured protoplasts after digesting the cell walls enzymatically and showed new cell wall regeneration on tomato fruit locule protoplasts.
L Bergmann first obtained callus by transferring cells from suspension cultures on to solid medium and G. Morel developed a method of producing virus-free Cymbidium progenies through meristem culture.
L Bergmann first obtained callus by transferring cells from suspension cultures on to solid medium and G. Morel developed a method of producing virus-free Cymbidium progenies through meristem culture.
S G Guha and S C Maheshwari cultured anthers and pollen and produced diploid embryos.
S G Guha and S C Maheshwari cultured anthers and pollen and produced diploid embryos.
I. Potrykus attempted the first chloroplast and nucleus transfer from Petunia hybrida into albino protoplasts of the same species.
I. Potrykus attempted the first chloroplast and nucleus transfer from Petunia hybrida into albino protoplasts of the same species.
JP Nitsch cultured microspores of Datura and Nicotiana, doubling their chromosome number and harvesting seed from homozygous diploid plants within five months.
JP Nitsch cultured microspores of Datura and Nicotiana, doubling their chromosome number and harvesting seed from homozygous diploid plants within five months.
G Morel established cold storage of regenerated plants for a year.
G Morel established cold storage of regenerated plants for a year.
A Zelcer, D. Aviv, and E. Galun devised a method for transferring organelles from one plant to another called Donor - Recipient protoplast fusion.
A Zelcer, D. Aviv, and E. Galun devised a method for transferring organelles from one plant to another called Donor - Recipient protoplast fusion.
PJ Larkin and WR Scowcraft developed the concept of somaclonal variation.
PJ Larkin and WR Scowcraft developed the concept of somaclonal variation.
D Wilson, G. Patnaik, and EC. Cocking regenerated a whole plant from a single free cultured tobacco protoplast.
D Wilson, G. Patnaik, and EC. Cocking regenerated a whole plant from a single free cultured tobacco protoplast.
JD Hamill, AJ Parr, RJ Robins, and MJC Rhodes established hairy root cultures of Beta vulgaris and Nicotiana rustica following infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes.
JD Hamill, AJ Parr, RJ Robins, and MJC Rhodes established hairy root cultures of Beta vulgaris and Nicotiana rustica following infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes.
C Sautter, H. Waldner, and G. Neuhaus developed a novel method for the acceleration of microprojectiles, called micro-targeting.
C Sautter, H. Waldner, and G. Neuhaus developed a novel method for the acceleration of microprojectiles, called micro-targeting.
Animal tissue culture involves the in vitro maintenance and propagation of cells in optimal conditions.
Animal tissue culture involves the in vitro maintenance and propagation of cells in optimal conditions.
Culturing animal cells, tissue or organs in a controlled artificial environment is called "plant tissue culture".
Culturing animal cells, tissue or organs in a controlled artificial environment is called "plant tissue culture".
The importance of animal tissue culture was initially realized during the development of the polio vaccine using primary monkey kidney cells.
The importance of animal tissue culture was initially realized during the development of the polio vaccine using primary monkey kidney cells.
Flashcards
Cell
Cell
The smallest structural and functional unit of life.
Unicellular organism
Unicellular organism
Organism consisting of only one cell that carries out all life functions.
Multicellular organism
Multicellular organism
Organism composed of many different types of cells specialized for various tasks.
Prokaryotic cell
Prokaryotic cell
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Eukaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cell
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Tissue
Tissue
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Plant tissue types
Plant tissue types
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Animal tissue types
Animal tissue types
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Connective tissue
Connective tissue
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Muscle tissue
Muscle tissue
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Nervous tissue
Nervous tissue
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Epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissue
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Plant cells vs. Animal cells
Plant cells vs. Animal cells
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Study Notes
Cell and Tissue Culture
- Cells are the fundamental building blocks of life.
- A cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of life.
- Robert Hooke coined the term "cell" in 1665.
- Unicellular organisms consist of a single cell (e.g., amoeba, bacteria, protists).
- Multicellular organisms consist of different types of cells with specialized functions (e.g., plants, animals).
- Cells are categorized as prokaryotic (lack a nucleus) or eukaryotic (contain a nucleus).
- Tissues are groups of similar cells working together for a specific function.
- Tissues are found only in multicellular organisms.
- Plant tissues are categorized as meristematic (dividing cells) and permanent (non-dividing cells).
- Animal tissues are categorized as connective (e.g., blood, bone), muscle (e.g., skeletal, cardiac, smooth), nervous, and epithelial (e.g., skin, lining of digestive tract).
- Cells have many organelles for various functions (e.g., nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, etc).
- Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts (for photosynthesis), while animal cells do not.
- Plant cells have a large central vacuole for storage and support, while animal cells have smaller vacuoles.
Tissue Culture
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Tissue culture involves transplanting tissue fragments (from animals or plants) to an artificial environment.
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Tissue culture allows cells, tissues, organs or portions of organs to thrive and function outside their original host.
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This is done for research or to develop new tissues or organisms.
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Plant tissue culture is based on cell totipotency (ability of a single cell to develop into a whole organism).
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Development of Plant Tissue Culture:
- 1902: Gottlieb Haberlandt proposed the theoretical basis.
- 1904: Henning successfully grew isolated embryos of some crucifers.
- 1922: WJ Robbins and W. Kotte cultured plant roots.
- 1934: Gautheret cultured cambium cells.
- 1939: Gautheret established continuously growing tissue from carrot.
- 1941: J Van Overbeek demonstrated coconut milk's importance in embryo growth.
- 1942: P.R. White and A.C Braun began studying crown galls.
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Advantages of Plant Tissue Culture:
- Quick production of plantlets.
- Uses less space.
- Virus & Disease free plantlets.
- Effective method for propagation of rare or endangered species, or plants that are difficult to grow traditionally, especially orchids.
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Disadvantages of Plant Tissue Culture:
- Expensive setup.
- Labor intensive.
- Disease prone if not cultured properly.
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Animal Tissue Culture:
- The study of animal cells in controlled laboratory cultures.
- A key factor was establishment of animal cell lines in the mid-20th century, primarily using primary monkey kidney cells (for polio vaccine production).
- Cell lines derived from human cancers (e.g., HeLa cells) are commonly used.
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Advantages of Animal Cell Culture:
- Maintaining cells' homogeneity.
- Precise control over physiological conditions.
- Cell-to-cell interactions can be studied.
- Long-term storage in liquid nitrogen (cryopreservation).
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Disadvantages of Animal Cell Culture: -Maintaining sterile conditions can be challenging.
- Medium standardization.
- Microbial contamination risks.
- Genetic variations in cells.
- Identifying cell types may be difficult.
- Setting up and maintaining labs is expensive.
- Limited passages for primary cells.
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