Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are some early signs and symptoms associated with HIV infection within the first month or two after exposure?
What are some early signs and symptoms associated with HIV infection within the first month or two after exposure?
Which condition may exhibit signs such as fever, cough, and difficulty breathing?
Which condition may exhibit signs such as fever, cough, and difficulty breathing?
What long-term effects can occur in adults infected with HIV after a prolonged asymptomatic period?
What long-term effects can occur in adults infected with HIV after a prolonged asymptomatic period?
Which of the following is a common symptom of lupus?
Which of the following is a common symptom of lupus?
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What type of test is used to diagnose lupus by identifying autoantibodies?
What type of test is used to diagnose lupus by identifying autoantibodies?
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Lupus symptoms can include which of the following?
Lupus symptoms can include which of the following?
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Which of the following symptom combinations is NOT associated with HIV infection?
Which of the following symptom combinations is NOT associated with HIV infection?
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What is a potential indicator that a person might have lupus?
What is a potential indicator that a person might have lupus?
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How can HIV be transmitted from a mother to her child?
How can HIV be transmitted from a mother to her child?
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What is the primary purpose of a Western blot test in HIV detection?
What is the primary purpose of a Western blot test in HIV detection?
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Which characteristic distinguishes malignant tumors from benign tumors?
Which characteristic distinguishes malignant tumors from benign tumors?
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What type of cancer arises from epithelial tissues?
What type of cancer arises from epithelial tissues?
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What is the role of HIV viral load monitoring?
What is the role of HIV viral load monitoring?
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What is meant by the term 'grading' in cancer classification?
What is meant by the term 'grading' in cancer classification?
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What distinguishes antigen tests from antibody tests in HIV detection?
What distinguishes antigen tests from antibody tests in HIV detection?
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What is a key characteristic of cancer cells that allows them to evade normal growth control?
What is a key characteristic of cancer cells that allows them to evade normal growth control?
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In which type of cancer do the majority of cases originate from blood and blood-forming organs?
In which type of cancer do the majority of cases originate from blood and blood-forming organs?
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Which method is used for home-based HIV testing?
Which method is used for home-based HIV testing?
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Study Notes
HIV/AIDS
- Origin and Initial Cases: Information on the origin and initial cases in the US is missing.
- Early Signs: Initial infection may present with flu-like symptoms (headache, fever, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes) within a month or two. Symptoms resolve after a week. HIV is highly contagious during this phase.
- Later Signs: Severe symptoms may not appear for 10+ years in adults or 2+ years in children. During the asymptomatic period, the virus continues to spread, destroying T helper cells (CD4 counts decline). Symptoms may include: swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, pelvic inflammatory disease, fever/sweats, weight loss, yeast infections, rashes/dry skin, and short-term memory loss.
- Transmission: Transmission occurs through vaginal, vulvar, rectal, penile, and oral sex. Sharing drug needles/syringes with an infected individual. Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding is possible. Risk of infection from blood remains.
- Testing:
- Early Detection: Often asymptomatic, detectable only by blood, urine, or saliva tests.
- Blood Tests: Detect HIV antigens or antibodies; antibodies may not appear for 1-4 months (up to 6 months to enough antibodies for detection).
- Antibody Tests: ELISA, EIA, Rapid HIV tests; most common.
- Western Blot: Confirms positive antibody results to rule out false positives.
- Antigen Tests: Detects HIV 1-3 weeks after exposure.
- Fourth-Generation Algorithm: Combines antibody/antigen tests for earlier detection of both HIV-1 and HIV-2.
- Home Tests: OraQuick In-Home HIV Test (oral swab, results in ~20 minutes), Home Access HIV-1 Test System (blood sample sent to lab).
- Viral Load Monitoring: Measures HIV viral levels to predict risk of progression to AIDS and related complications or death, as it correlates with risk.
Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP)
- Symptoms: Fever, cough, difficulty breathing are indicative symptoms.
Kaposi's Sarcoma
- Symptoms: Two forms of cancer appearing as purplish blotches on the skin.
Candidiasis
- Symptoms: A yeast infection sometimes present in the mouth, esophagus, and vagina.
Lupus
- Symptoms:
- General Symptoms: Fever, weight loss, headache, fatigue, swollen glands, depression, loss of appetite, nausea/vomiting, easy bruising, hair loss, edema.
- Suggestive Signs: Rash on cheeks and bridge of nose, sun-induced rashes, arthritis in multiple joints, seizures, bald spots, discoid lupus lesions, mouth ulcers, pleurisy, anemia, Raynaud's phenomenon (fingers turning white/blue).
- Diagnosis: Based on symptoms and blood tests (autoantibodies, ANA- antinuclear antibody). Urine tests for protein, red blood cells, and white blood cells are also conducted. While 99% of lupus patients have a positive ANA, only 33% with a positive ANA have SLE - systemic lupus erythematosus.
Benign vs. Malignant Tumors
- Benign Tumors: Usually slow-growing, do not invade other tissues, do not spread. Problems mainly arise if they grow in confined spaces, like the brain.
- Malignant Tumors (Cancer):
- Cell Structure: Altered cell structure (larger nuclei, irregular chromatin, prominent nucleoli).
- Growth Control: Lack normal growth controls, grow unorganized and rapidly.
- Contact Inhibition: Lack contact inhibition, continue growing and invading tissues.
- Growth Factors: Do not respond to growth factors (normal cell growth triggers).
- Immune Surveillance: Frequently escape the immune system.
- Invasive: Destroy normal tissue, spread throughout the body via lymphatic/blood vessels
- Metastasis: Can travel and implant in other parts of the body.
- Metabolic Rate: Have a higher metabolic rate.
Cancer Classification
- Cellular Origin: Classified by the tissue origin: carcinomas (epithelial), sarcomas (connective), leukemias (blood/blood-forming), lymphomas (lymph tissue).
- Differentiation: Classified by how similar the cancer cell resembles the normal cell it originated from; well-differentiated (similar to normal cells), poorly/undifferentiated (very abnormal).
- Grading: Based on the degree of differentiation (Grade 1 = well-differentiated to Grade III/IV= undifferentiated). Grading and staging predict prognosis.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the origin, symptoms, and transmission of HIV/AIDS. This quiz covers early signs, long-term effects, and how the virus spreads among individuals. Dive in to learn more about this critical health issue.
