Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following body fluids is NOT a known mode of HIV transmission?
Which of the following body fluids is NOT a known mode of HIV transmission?
- Saliva (correct)
- Vaginal Secretions
- Semen
- Breast milk
A client with HIV is concerned about transmitting the virus to family members, what information should the nurse provide?
A client with HIV is concerned about transmitting the virus to family members, what information should the nurse provide?
- HIV can be transmitted through hugging and casual contact.
- Family members should avoid being in the same room as the client.
- HIV is not transmitted through kissing, hugging, or household contact. (correct)
- Sharing utensils can transmit HIV if not properly sterilized.
A healthcare provider sustains a needle stick injury, what is the MOST important immediate action?
A healthcare provider sustains a needle stick injury, what is the MOST important immediate action?
- Get tested for HIV and other bloodborne pathogens after 6 months.
- Immediately start prophylactic antiretroviral therapy.
- Monitor the injury site for redness or swelling.
- Report the incident and follow established healthcare protocols. (correct)
Which statement indicates a clients understanding of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)?
Which statement indicates a clients understanding of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)?
The nurse is assessing a client diagnosed with HIV who reports a persistent fever, night sweats, and swollen lymph nodes. Which action is MOST important?
The nurse is assessing a client diagnosed with HIV who reports a persistent fever, night sweats, and swollen lymph nodes. Which action is MOST important?
A client with HIV is starting antiretroviral therapy (ART), what should the nurse include in the teaching?
A client with HIV is starting antiretroviral therapy (ART), what should the nurse include in the teaching?
Which assessment finding would differentiate osteoarthritis from rheumatoid arthritis?
Which assessment finding would differentiate osteoarthritis from rheumatoid arthritis?
A nurse is providing education to a client with osteoarthritis, which lifestyle modification should the nurse recommend?
A nurse is providing education to a client with osteoarthritis, which lifestyle modification should the nurse recommend?
A client with rheumatoid arthritis reports increased joint pain and stiffness. What intervention should the nurse recommend?
A client with rheumatoid arthritis reports increased joint pain and stiffness. What intervention should the nurse recommend?
Which statement about the systemic effects of rheumatoid arthritis is correct?
Which statement about the systemic effects of rheumatoid arthritis is correct?
A client with a recent stroke is experiencing left-sided hemianopia, what nursing intervention is most appropriate?
A client with a recent stroke is experiencing left-sided hemianopia, what nursing intervention is most appropriate?
The nurse is caring for a client with Parkinson's disease, which clinical manifestation is MOST associated with the disease?
The nurse is caring for a client with Parkinson's disease, which clinical manifestation is MOST associated with the disease?
A client with multiple sclerosis (MS) reports fatigue and weakness, what recommendation should the nurse make?
A client with multiple sclerosis (MS) reports fatigue and weakness, what recommendation should the nurse make?
Which nursing intervention is MOST important for a client with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?
Which nursing intervention is MOST important for a client with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?
A client is diagnosed with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and is experiencing ascending paralysis, what is the nursing priority?
A client is diagnosed with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and is experiencing ascending paralysis, what is the nursing priority?
Which assessment finding is MOST associated with myasthenia gravis?
Which assessment finding is MOST associated with myasthenia gravis?
The nurse is providing dietary instructions to a client with Parkinson's disease, what should the nurse emphasize?
The nurse is providing dietary instructions to a client with Parkinson's disease, what should the nurse emphasize?
A client with multiple sclerosis (MS) is experiencing a flare-up, the nurse should encourage the client to:
A client with multiple sclerosis (MS) is experiencing a flare-up, the nurse should encourage the client to:
The nurse is developing a care plan for a client with ALS, what intervention should the nurse include?
The nurse is developing a care plan for a client with ALS, what intervention should the nurse include?
A client with myasthenia gravis is at risk for aspiration. Which measure will be implemented to reduce this risk?
A client with myasthenia gravis is at risk for aspiration. Which measure will be implemented to reduce this risk?
A client with HIV is admitted with Pneumocystis pneumonia. Which precaution is MOST important?
A client with HIV is admitted with Pneumocystis pneumonia. Which precaution is MOST important?
Which sign or symptom is MOST indicative of a myasthenic crisis?
Which sign or symptom is MOST indicative of a myasthenic crisis?
A client with HIV is receiving ART and reports persistent nausea and vomiting. Which action should the nurse take FIRST?
A client with HIV is receiving ART and reports persistent nausea and vomiting. Which action should the nurse take FIRST?
Which nursing intervention is MOST important in managing a client with Guillain-Barré syndrome?
Which nursing intervention is MOST important in managing a client with Guillain-Barré syndrome?
A client with right-sided hemiparesis is being discharged from the hospital. Which instruction is MOST important?
A client with right-sided hemiparesis is being discharged from the hospital. Which instruction is MOST important?
A nurse is teaching a client with osteoarthritis about pain management. Which of the given statement indicates the need for further clarification?
A nurse is teaching a client with osteoarthritis about pain management. Which of the given statement indicates the need for further clarification?
Which of the following is the MOST crucial consideration when planning nursing care for a client with myasthenia gravis?
Which of the following is the MOST crucial consideration when planning nursing care for a client with myasthenia gravis?
A client with late-stage ALS is being cared for at home by their family, what is the MOST important initial intervention?
A client with late-stage ALS is being cared for at home by their family, what is the MOST important initial intervention?
A client with left-sided hemiparesis due to a stroke also exhibits expressive aphasia. Which intervention is MOST effective?
A client with left-sided hemiparesis due to a stroke also exhibits expressive aphasia. Which intervention is MOST effective?
A nurse is caring for a client with Parkinson's disease who is receiving levodopa-carbidopa. What assessment finding indicates the medication is effective?
A nurse is caring for a client with Parkinson's disease who is receiving levodopa-carbidopa. What assessment finding indicates the medication is effective?
During a home visit, a nurse assesses a client with rheumatoid arthritis. Which observation requires further intervention?
During a home visit, a nurse assesses a client with rheumatoid arthritis. Which observation requires further intervention?
A client with MS is experiencing vision decline. What environmental modification should the nurse suggest the client perform at home?
A client with MS is experiencing vision decline. What environmental modification should the nurse suggest the client perform at home?
Select all of the following options that represents key nursing interventions utilized to treat a client with Guillain-Barré Syndrome.
Select all of the following options that represents key nursing interventions utilized to treat a client with Guillain-Barré Syndrome.
What is the MOST important reason why a nurse should caution a HIV positive client from consuming raw foods?
What is the MOST important reason why a nurse should caution a HIV positive client from consuming raw foods?
Which medication is MOST appropriate to administer for a client experiencing an acute myasthenic crisis?
Which medication is MOST appropriate to administer for a client experiencing an acute myasthenic crisis?
A client with Parkinson's disease is experiencing orthostatic hypotension and frequent falls. Which intervention is MOST important?
A client with Parkinson's disease is experiencing orthostatic hypotension and frequent falls. Which intervention is MOST important?
A nurse is assessing a client with late-stage ALS. Which finding would be MOST concerning?
A nurse is assessing a client with late-stage ALS. Which finding would be MOST concerning?
The effectiveness of drug therapy for myasthenia gravis is evaluated by assessing which of the following?
The effectiveness of drug therapy for myasthenia gravis is evaluated by assessing which of the following?
A nurse is providing discharge teaching to a client with MS. Which instruction is MOST appropriate?
A nurse is providing discharge teaching to a client with MS. Which instruction is MOST appropriate?
Which nursing measure is most likely to prevent skin breakdown in a client with late-stage ALS?
Which nursing measure is most likely to prevent skin breakdown in a client with late-stage ALS?
A client living with HIV expresses interest in having children. Which of the following is the MOST appropriate recommendation?
A client living with HIV expresses interest in having children. Which of the following is the MOST appropriate recommendation?
A nurse is caring for a client with suspected early-stage osteoarthritis who reports joint pain. Which intervention should the nurse implement FIRST?
A nurse is caring for a client with suspected early-stage osteoarthritis who reports joint pain. Which intervention should the nurse implement FIRST?
Which assessment finding is MOST indicative of rheumatoid arthritis rather than osteoarthritis?
Which assessment finding is MOST indicative of rheumatoid arthritis rather than osteoarthritis?
A client post-stroke has developed unilateral neglect. Which strategy is MOST important to teach the client and their family?
A client post-stroke has developed unilateral neglect. Which strategy is MOST important to teach the client and their family?
A nurse is planning care for a client with Parkinson's disease experiencing dysphagia. Which intervention is MOST crucial to include in the care plan?
A nurse is planning care for a client with Parkinson's disease experiencing dysphagia. Which intervention is MOST crucial to include in the care plan?
A client with multiple sclerosis (MS) is prescribed interferon beta. Which statement indicates the client requires further teaching regarding the medication?
A client with multiple sclerosis (MS) is prescribed interferon beta. Which statement indicates the client requires further teaching regarding the medication?
Which nursing intervention is MOST important for a client with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) who is in the advanced stages of the disease?
Which nursing intervention is MOST important for a client with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) who is in the advanced stages of the disease?
A client with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is experiencing progressive ascending paralysis. Which assessment finding is MOST critical to report immediately?
A client with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is experiencing progressive ascending paralysis. Which assessment finding is MOST critical to report immediately?
A client with Myasthenia Gravis has a prescription for pyridostigmine, what is the rationale for planning administration of this medication before mealtimes?
A client with Myasthenia Gravis has a prescription for pyridostigmine, what is the rationale for planning administration of this medication before mealtimes?
A nurse is tasked with educating a group of newly diagnosed HIV patients regarding their ART medications. Which of the following statements is the MOST important to emphasize?
A nurse is tasked with educating a group of newly diagnosed HIV patients regarding their ART medications. Which of the following statements is the MOST important to emphasize?
Flashcards
How is HIV transmitted?
How is HIV transmitted?
HIV can only be transmitted through direct human-to-human contact via infected blood, semen, vaginal secretions, or breast milk.
How is HIV NOT transmitted?
How is HIV NOT transmitted?
HIV cannot be transmitted via kissing, hugging, insect bites, or casual contact.
Universal Precautions
Universal Precautions
Universal precautions are essential to prevent exposure to HIV in all situations.
Nursing and HIV Prevention
Nursing and HIV Prevention
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HIV Prevention Methods
HIV Prevention Methods
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Osteoarthritis vs Rheumatoid Arthritis
Osteoarthritis vs Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Rheumatoid Arthritis Nursing Management
Rheumatoid Arthritis Nursing Management
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Osteoarthritis Nursing Management
Osteoarthritis Nursing Management
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Parkinson's vs MS vs ALS
Parkinson's vs MS vs ALS
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GBS vs Myasthenia Gravis
GBS vs Myasthenia Gravis
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ALS/GBS vs MS/Parkinson's Priorities
ALS/GBS vs MS/Parkinson's Priorities
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Parkinson's Pathophysiology
Parkinson's Pathophysiology
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Multiple Sclerosis Pathophysiology
Multiple Sclerosis Pathophysiology
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Pathophysiology
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Pathophysiology
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Guillain-Barre Syndrome Pathophysiology
Guillain-Barre Syndrome Pathophysiology
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Myasthenia Gravis Pathophysiology
Myasthenia Gravis Pathophysiology
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During a home visit with a client diagnosed with chronic heart failure (CHF), the nurse immediately observes edema in the client's lower extremities. Based on this observation, what should the nurse do FIRST?
During a home visit with a client diagnosed with chronic heart failure (CHF), the nurse immediately observes edema in the client's lower extremities. Based on this observation, what should the nurse do FIRST?
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What is relevant and of immediate concern to the nurse?
What is relevant and of immediate concern to the nurse?
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The following are possible methods of transmission for HIV?
The following are possible methods of transmission for HIV?
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Which statement by the client indicates a need for additional education related to HIV?
Which statement by the client indicates a need for additional education related to HIV?
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Which statement by the client requires additional education by the nurse?
Which statement by the client requires additional education by the nurse?
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Which important fact should be included?
Which important fact should be included?
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The nurse notes that their client, who recently experienced a stroke, is sitting in a chair and is leaning to the left with one arm caught in the side of the chair seat. The nurse suspects left-sided neglect and takes the following action FIRST:
The nurse notes that their client, who recently experienced a stroke, is sitting in a chair and is leaning to the left with one arm caught in the side of the chair seat. The nurse suspects left-sided neglect and takes the following action FIRST:
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The nurse is assigned to care for a client with complete right-sided hemiparesis from a stroke. Which characteristics are associated with this condition?
The nurse is assigned to care for a client with complete right-sided hemiparesis from a stroke. Which characteristics are associated with this condition?
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The nurse is teaching a client with myasthenia gravis about the prevention of myasthenic crisis. Which client activity suggests that teaching is most effective?
The nurse is teaching a client with myasthenia gravis about the prevention of myasthenic crisis. Which client activity suggests that teaching is most effective?
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The nurse is instructing a client with Parkinson's Disease about preventing falls. Which client statement reflects a need for further teaching?
The nurse is instructing a client with Parkinson's Disease about preventing falls. Which client statement reflects a need for further teaching?
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Study Notes
Key Points for HIV Transmission
- HIV transmits through direct human contact via infected blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk
- HIV cannot be transmitted through kissing, hugging, insect bites, or casual contact
Breaking Down Transmission of HIV
- HIV transmits through sexual intercourse (vaginal, anal, or oral)
- HIV transmits through exposure to contaminated blood products, such as needles
- A correlation exists between drug use and sexual risk-taking
- Tattooing and cultural rituals may involve exposure to infected blood
- Sterilization of equipment and appropriate PPE are necessary
- Accidental needle sticks in healthcare require immediate notification and follow-up with PEP
Nursing and Primary Prevention of HIV
- Community education about transmission methods is essential
- Educate about safe sex practices and condom use
- Provide education about Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to high-risk populations
- PrEP is for those participating in condomless sex with partners of unknown HIV status
- PrEP is for HIV-positive partners with detectable viral loads.
- PrEP is for those with recent bacterial STIs, or those injecting drugs with shared needles
- PrEP is for those participating in survival/transactional sex, or those desiring to conceive with an HIV-positive partner
HIV and Nursing Management: Assessment
- Assess for signs of infection, drastic changes in weight, and monitor CD4 count and viral load
- Assess patient adherence to ART, TB status, immunization status, and depression
HIV and Nursing Management: Nursing Actions/Education
- Know your risk of exposure in all situations and use universal precautions
- Educate on adherence to ART and viral load knowledge
- Education on nutritionally dense foods and small, frequent meals
- Providing emotional support and social services referral
- Education related to high-risk behaviors
- Education related to infection control precautions at home
- Provide signs and symptoms to report to the healthcare provider
Rheumatoid Arthritis vs Osteoarthritis
- Review the study guide in Module 9 for Rheumatoid and Osteoarthritis
- Obesity is the single most modifiable risk factor for osteoarthritis
- Morning stiffness lasts less than 30 minutes in osteoarthritis
- Symmetrical joint involvement is not typical in osteoarthritis
- Large weight-bearing joints are typically involved in osteoarthritis
- Systemic organ involvement is not typical in osteoarthritis
- Heberden's and Bouchard's nodes are hard lumps over joints in fingers with osteoarthritis
- Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune inflammatory disease
- Morning stiffness lasts longer than 30 minutes with rheumatoid arthritis
- Typical symmetrical joint involvement is rheumatoid arthritis
- All joints may be involved with rheumatoid arthritis
- Systemic organ involvement is possible with rheumatoid arthritis
- Swan-neck and Boutonniere deformity in hands occurs in rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid and Osteoarthritis: Nursing Management
- Pain with osteoarthritis may be greater with activity, but regular physical activity is still promoted
- Monitor intake of analgesics and anti-inflammatory meds in osteoarthritis
- Icing joints or applying heat is good for osteoarthritis
- Monitoring joint pain and mobility, and ensuring adherence to treatment plans is good for rheumatoid arthritis
- Maintaining current vaccines
- Monitoring for signs/symptoms of infection
- Focus on the differences between the two for efficient study
Stroke & Chronic Neuro Conditions
- Review class slides from Wednesday for information on strokes
- Neuro conditions include Parkinson's Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Myasthenia Gravis, and Guillain-Barre' Syndrome
- Differentiate clinical manifestations of left and right-sided stroke
- Review terminology and what that looks like in your patient
- All neuro disorders affect the nervous system
- Parkinson's involves dopamine deficiency and movement issues.
- MS is an autoimmune disease attacking the myelin in the brain and spine
- ALS involves progressive muscle weakness, with the mind staying sharp
- GBS moves fast, starting with tingling in the feet and can progress to respiratory failure, often following an infection
- Myasthenia Gravis involves fluctuating weakness
Neuro Conditions and Treatment
- Parkinson's is a tremor with slow movement
- MS involves visual issues and ataxia
- ALS involves muscle weakness and speech/swallowing problems
- GBS involves ascending paralysis and potential for respiratory distress
- MG involves weakness worsens with activity, especially face and eyes
Nursing Priorities for Neuro Conditions
- ALS and GBS may involve to watching the airway
- MS and Parkinson's may involve fall prevention & function
- MG may involve aspiration risk and timing of meds
Parkinson Disease
- Progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting movement due to dopamine depletion in the brain
- Key signs and symptoms include tremors (pill-rolling), muscle rigidity, bradykinesia, shuffling gait, postural instability, and late-stage dementia
- Dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra lead to impaired motor control
- Meds such as Levodopa/carbidopa increase the dopamine, along with physical and occupational therapy
- Monitor for fall risk, swallowing difficulty, medication effectiveness, and mobility needs
- Encourage mobility, medication adherence, safety at home, and high-fiber diet
Multiple Sclerosis
- Chronic autoimmune disorder that damages the myelin sheath around nerves in the CNS
- Blurred vision, diplopia, muscle spasticity, ataxia, fatigue, bowel/bladder dysfunction, and emotional lability
- Immune system attacks the myelin slowing nerve transmission, resulting in intermittent flare-ups and remissions
- Treatments include Corticosteroids (exacerbations), and immunomodulators
- Promote rest, avoid triggers, assist with ADLs, and bladder training
- Balance activity and rest, stay cool, adhere to treatment, plan for flares
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
- Progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons leading to muscle weakness and atrophy
- Muscle weakness, dysarthria, dysphagia, spasticity, and respiratory failure
- Motor neurons degenerate, causing muscle atrophy and paralysis
- Riluzole slows progression along with supportive respiratory care
- Monitor for aspiration, respiratory effort, need for ventilation, communication needs
- Advance directives like safety with feeding, conserve energy, and communication aids is good for ALS
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
- Acute autoimmune condition causing demyelination of peripheral nerves, often following infection
- Paresthesia, ascending paralysis, areflexia, facial weakness, respiratory muscle paralysis, autonomic instability
- Immune attack on peripheral myelin following infection leads to nerve conduction block and paralysis
- IVIG or plasmapheresis along with supportive care is good for GBS
- Respiratory is key along with monitoring for autonomic changes and preventing immobility
Myasthenia Gravis
- Chronic autoimmune disease causing fluctuating weakness of voluntary muscles
- Ptosis, diplopia, weak voice, difficulty chewing/swallowing, worse at the end of the day
- Antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction
- Assess for respiratory muscle weakness and aspiration risk
- Teach signs of crisis, take meds on time, eat when energy is highest, avoid illness/stress
Test-Taking Strategies and Question Analysis
- Module 13 contains Exam 3 Documents
- Focus on the data, not the diagnosis, in the questions
- Look for strategic words such as "Immediate" to influence decisions on test
- Use elimination and re-read after,
- If edema is witnessed in homecare, best initial step is to asses pt with full cardiovascular assessment.
- Pt newly admitted with emergent dyspenea and back pain, key findings are, dyspnea, back pain, elevated Blood pressure, and tachypnea.
Practice Question Review
- Possible methods of transmission for HIV: Unprotected sexual intercourse, contact with contaminated blood, HIV transmission from mom to child via birth, injection w/ contaminated needles are key methods,
- Additional HIV Ed needed = "As long as ART meds are taken pt cannot spread to new partners",
- If pt is taking too much Tylenol with osteoarthritis , more client Education is needed
- In rheumatoid arthritis, usually has bilateral joint involvement.,
- If pt with left-sided neglect is turning and has face in chair, check for pt injury first before adjusting.
- Key characteristics or rightsided hemiparesis stroke is key weakness on body + tongue.
- Teach mg pt to take drugs on schedule
- Parkinsons pt requires more falls teaching if Pt won't use cane to move to the bathroom
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