HIV Infection: Symptoms & Therapies

<p>Malaise, fever, and night sweats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurologic manifestations or opportunistic infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10 to 15 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin dryness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>WHO and CDC systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluconazole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histoplasmosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Night sweats and diarrhea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isoniazid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>White lesions on the tongue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Headaches (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use moisturizers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consuming bananas and rice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gabapentin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Miconazole (B), Clotrimazole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histoplasmosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aphthous ulcers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluconazole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weight loss of at least 10% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unexplained severe weight loss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It signifies the onset of opportunistic infections. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liquid nutritional supplements and exercise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe persistent oral candidiasis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nonproductive cough (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lower CD4 cell count (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moderate unexplained weight loss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stage 2 HIV infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opportunistic infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Orolabial lesions for more than 1 month (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AIDS-defining conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difficulty swallowing as well as substernal pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mycobacterium avium complex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kaposi sarcoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wasting syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crytococcus neoformans infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased mortality from cervical cancer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vascular macules and papules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Candidiasis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Headache and mental status changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cryptosporidium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can arise from reactivation of a previous infection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Every 6 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pneumonia due to opportunistic infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapid and severe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They often become chronic and severe. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T-lymphocyte counts below 200 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AIDS dementia complex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluctuating memory loss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It worsens as CD4 count decreases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSP) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They happen exclusively during sleep. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemotherapy or radiation therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NSAIDs to relieve swelling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flulike symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Night sweats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aching or burning sensations in lower extremities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased significantly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cryptococcal meningitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A flu-like illness, including fever, sore throat, muscle aches, headache, rash, and swollen lymph nodes, appearing days to weeks after infection.

A stage after initial infection where the virus is present but the person usually has no symptoms. It can last for many years.

Swollen lymph nodes (outside the groin) for no other explained reason. A possible sign of HIV.

Serious illness, neurological problems, or infections showing a severe stage of HIV.

A measurement of immune system cells. Low CD4 counts indicate weakened immunity associated with HIV.

Infections that take advantage of a weakened immune system, common in late-stage HIV.

The initial phase of HIV infection, characterized by flu-like symptoms.

The amount of HIV virus in the blood.

HIV infection severity stages categorized by T-lymphocyte count, lymphocyte percentage, or AIDS-defining conditions.

A specific medical condition that signifies the advancement to AIDS (stage 3 HIV) due to weakened immune system.

A common brain disorder in HIV patients caused by the virus infecting brain cells.

Fluctuating memory loss, confusion, difficulty concentrating, lethargy, and slower movements.

Neurological problems caused by infections or lesions (like toxoplasmosis or lymphoma) affecting the brain and spinal cord.

A common HIV-related nerve disorder causing pain and numbness in the extremities.

Infections that take advantage of a weakened immune system in HIV patients, like Kaposi's sarcoma or CMV.

A cancer frequently seen in HIV patients, especially gay and bisexual men, that causes skin lesions and can affect internal organs.

A virus that can cause serious problems like eye, brain, or organ infections in people with weakened immune systems.

A common fungal infection in HIV patients that affects mucous membranes and skin.

Swollen lymph nodes, often a sign of early or ongoing HIV infection.

General feeling of discomfort and tiredness, a frequent early sign of HIV or other conditions.

Excessive sweating during sleep, often occurring with other symptoms like fever or weight loss in HIV.

High body temperature, a possible early symptom of HIV infection.

Oral thrush, a fungal infection, is treated with antifungal medications like fluconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole, or nystatin.

Esophageal candidiasis, a fungal infection of the esophagus, is treated primarily with fluconazole.

Vaginal candidiasis, a vaginal yeast infection, is commonly treated with clotrimazole, fluconazole, or miconazole.

Aspergillosis is a fungal infection caused by inhaling the fungus, commonly found in soil and decaying plant life.

Aspergillosis is more common in patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy, organ transplants, or HIV infection.

Aspergillosis symptoms include cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, facial pain, fever, and night sweats.

Histoplasmosis results from inhaling the fungus, which initially infects the lungs but can spread to other organs.

Histoplasmosis is treated with itraconazole and often requires long-term maintenance therapy.

In HIV-positive patients, Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) often spreads beyond the lungs to other organs.

MAC symptoms include night sweats, fever, weight loss, diarrhea, low blood cell counts, elevated liver enzymes, and intestinal pain.

Tuberculosis (TB) is transmitted through contact with infected individuals.

Oral hairy leukoplakia, caused by Epstein-Barr virus, is a white lesion on the tongue, mainly appearing in men and indicating a weakened immune system.

AIDS dementia complex symptoms include dementia, apathy, memory loss, and mobility issues, resulting from HIV and opportunistic infections.

Peripheral neuropathy, severe pain in limbs, is treated with medications like gabapentin or pregabalin.

A condition in HIV-positive individuals characterized by significant, unintentional weight loss, often accompanied by diarrhea, weakness, and fever.

Increased energy consumption due to the HIV infection itself.

Combines antiretroviral therapy, dietary adjustments to increase calories, regular exercise, and liquid nutritional supplements.

Initial stage of HIV infection, characterized by asymptomatic or persistent generalized lymphadenopathy.

Chronic phase of HIV infection where the virus is present but may not cause symptoms. Moderate weight loss and recurrent infections may occur.

Severe stage of HIV infection defined by the presence of AIDS-defining conditions or a very low CD4 count.

Most advanced stage of HIV infection characterized by wasting syndrome, opportunistic infections, and debilitating conditions.

Higher than 500 cells per microliter of blood, indicating a healthy immune system.

Indicates a weakened immune system, increasing the risk of opportunistic infections and cancers.

Significantly weakened immune system, highly susceptible to opportunistic infections and cancers.

A common opportunistic infection in people with AIDS, caused by a fungus.

Fever, nonproductive cough, dyspnea (shortness of breath), tachypnea (rapid breathing), and tachycardia (rapid heart rate).

Can progress insidiously, meaning gradually and without obvious symptoms. Patients may initially experience mild chest pain.

Candida albicans infection, or candidiasis, is a common, opportunistic fungal infection in patients with AIDS. It usually manifests as oral thrush or esophagitis.

Oral thrush presents as white, friable plaques on the buccal mucosa or tongue and, in the patient with HIV infection, often is the first indication of progression to AIDS.

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) affects many patients with AIDS and typically occurs late in the course of the disease, when CD4 cell counts are less than 100. MAC is more common in women than in men. It is caused by organisms commonly found in food, water, and soil and is a major cause of “wasting syndrome” in individuals with AIDS.

Manifestations of MAC include chills and fever, weakness, night sweats, abdominal pain and diarrhea, and weight loss.

Herpesvirus infections are common in patients with AIDS and may be severe. Cytomegalovirus can affect the retina, GI tract, or lungs. Disseminated herpes simplex or herpes zoster infection may occur, although severe mucocutaneous manifestations are more common.

Parasitic infections with Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptococcus neoformans commonly affect the CNS. Toxoplasmosis occurs as encephalitis or an intracerebral mass lesion. Changes in mental status, focal neurologic signs, and seizures may result. Cryptococcus infection may present as either meningitis or disseminated disease, primarily affecting the lungs.

Cryptosporidium, a protozoan affecting the GI tract, is an important cause of prolonged diarrhea in patients with AIDS.

As cell-mediated immune function declines, the risk of malignancy increases. The CDC classification of AIDS currently includes four cancers: Kaposi sarcoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, primary lymphoma of the brain, and invasive cervical carcinoma.

Often the presenting symptom of AIDS, Kaposi sarcoma (KS) remains the most common cancer associated with the disease. KS may progress slowly or rapidly, and it is an indicator of late-stage HIV disease. The average survival time after diagnosis of KS is 18 months.

Kaposi sarcoma is related to a secondary viral infection with the KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also called human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). This virus appears to be transmitted mainly through sexual contact, although cases have been reported in injection drug users.

Arising from the cells that line the lymph or small blood vessels, KS presents as vascular macules, papules, or violet lesions affecting the skin and viscera (see Figure 8.17). A common site for skin lesions is the face, especially the tip of the nose and pinnae of the ears. Common sites for visceral disease include the GI tract, lungs, and lymphatic system. The lesions of KS are usually painless initially, but they may become painful as the disease progresses.

In patients with AIDS, two lymphomas are common: non-Hodgkin lymphoma (including Burkitt lymphoma) and primary lymphoma of the CNS, which starts in the brain or spinal cord. Hodgkin disease also occurs five times more frequently in patients with HIV infection than in those without it.

The CNS is the usual site for these lymphomas, but they also may be found in the bone marrow, GI tract, liver, skin, and mucous membranes.

Cervical dysplasia is common in women infected with HIV. Cervical cancer develops frequently and tends to be aggressive.

Women with concurrent HIV infection and cervical cancer usually die of the cervical cancer, not AIDS. Therefore, it is recommended that women with HIV infection have a Papanicolaou (Pap) test every 6 months and aggressive treatment of cervical dysplasia with colposcopy and conization.