HIV and AIDS Medical Terminology
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What is the primary goal of PT teaching for a patient requiring a blood transfusion?

  • Manage symptoms of sepsis
  • Avoid exposure to people with infections
  • Maintain or gain weight (correct)
  • Prevent allergic reactions to blood products

    • What is the most dangerous type of transfusion reaction?

  • Acute hemolytic reaction (correct)
  • Circulatory overload
  • Febrile non-hemolytic reaction
  • Allergic reaction

    • What is the treatment for an allergic reaction to a blood transfusion?

  • Slow or discontinue the transfusion
  • Administer oxygen and monitor vital signs
  • Provide fluids and vasopressors
  • STOP THE BLOOD, restart NaCl, notify Health Care Provider, diphenhydramine (correct)

    • What type of transplant involves transfer of tissue between genetically identical individuals?

    <p>Isograft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of transfusion reaction that can lead to death?

    <p>Kidney failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom of a febrile non-hemolytic reaction?

    <p>Chills and fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the healthcare provider do if a patient experiences an acute hemolytic reaction?

    <p>STOP THE BLOOD, airway management, O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of transfusion reaction that can lead to circulatory failure?

    <p>Circulatory overload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transplant involves transfer of tissue from one site to another on the same person?

    <p>Autograft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for sepsis resulting from contaminated blood?

    <p>STOP THE BLOOD, obtain Blood Cultures, antibiotics, fluids, vasopressors, steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the T4 cells in the immune system?

    <p>To recognize and stimulate B-cell lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Western Blot test in the diagnosis of HIV?

    <p>To confirm the presence of HIV antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of antiretroviral drug therapy in HIV infection?

    <p>To reduce the viral load to undetectable levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common opportunistic infection associated with HIV infection?

    <p>Pneumocystis pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of protease inhibitors in HIV treatment?

    <p>Inhibiting the protease enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of genotype testing in HIV treatment?

    <p>To detect drug resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of health teaching for patients with HIV infection?

    <p>To reduce the risk of transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which HIV enters T-cells?

    <p>By connecting with T-cell co-receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in HIV treatment?

    <p>To reduce the risk of drug resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of HIV-1?

    <p>Mutates easily and frequently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary complication of AIDS-related dementia complex?

    <p>Degeneration of brain tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of standard precautions in nursing practice?

    <p>To reduce the risk of occupational exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the protease enzyme in HIV replication?

    <p>To free the replicated viral particles into the cytoplasm of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the lipid material that surrounds the HIV virus?

    <p>Gp120 and gp41</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a high-risk factor for HIV transmission?

    <p>Sharing IV needles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the approach to eliminate new HIV infections?

    <p>Diagnosing, Treating, Preventing, Responding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of infection for HIV-2?

    <p>Western Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the reverse transcriptase enzyme in HIV replication?

    <p>To copy viral RNA to viral DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current trend in HIV-related mortality?

    <p>Decreasing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the category of antiretroviral drugs developed to prevent HIV entry into host cells?

    <p>Entry inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of PT teaching for a patient requiring a blood transfusion and HIV infection?

    <p>Maintain or gain weight and fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transfusion reaction is the most severe?

    <p>Acute hemolytic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for an acute hemolytic reaction?

    <p>Stop the blood, airway management, O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transplant involves transfer of tissue from one site to another on the same person?

    <p>Autograft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary complication of transfusion reaction that can lead to death?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom of a febrile non-hemolytic reaction?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for sepsis resulting from contaminated blood?

    <p>Stop the blood, obtain Blood Cultures, antibiotics, fluids, vasopressors, steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transplant involves transfer of tissue between genetically identical individuals?

    <p>Isograft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of PT teaching for a patient requiring a blood transfusion?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for an allergic reaction to a blood transfusion?

    <p>Stop the blood, restart NaCl, notify Health Care Provider, diphenhydramine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of HIV-2 over HIV-1?

    <p>It is less transmittable and has a longer interval between virus and AIDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the integrase enzyme in HIV replication?

    <p>It incorporates viral DNA into host cell DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of entry inhibitors in HIV treatment?

    <p>They prevent the fusion of HIV with T-cell co-receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of banking autologous blood or directed donor blood?

    <p>To prevent transmission of HIV through blood transfusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current trend in HIV-related mortality?

    <p>It is decreasing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary complication of AIDS-related dementia complex?

    <p>Cognitive impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the protease enzyme in HIV replication?

    <p>It frees replicated viral particles into the cytoplasm of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which HIV enters T-cells?

    <p>Through the fusion of HIV with T-cell co-receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the approach to eliminate new HIV infections?

    <p>To prevent HIV transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the lipid material that surrounds the HIV virus?

    <p>Double layer of lipid material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the T4 cells in the immune system?

    <p>To recognize and stimulate B-cell lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of AIDS dementia complex?

    <p>Degeneration of brain tissue affecting mood, cognition, and motor functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of genotype testing in HIV treatment?

    <p>To detect resistance to antiretroviral drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of protease inhibitors in HIV treatment?

    <p>Inhibiting the protease enzyme, preventing viral maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of health teaching for patients with HIV infection?

    <p>To promote adherence to antiretroviral therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in HIV treatment?

    <p>To reduce the risk of drug resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which HIV enters T-cells?

    <p>Through the binding of gp120 to CD4 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary complication of AIDS-related dementia complex?

    <p>Degeneration of brain tissue affecting mood, cognition, and motor functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of standard precautions in nursing practice?

    <p>To reduce the risk of occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the reverse transcriptase enzyme in HIV replication?

    <p>To convert RNA to DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction?

    <p>Incompatible blood type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of an allergic reaction to blood transfusion?

    <p>Urticaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for circulatory overload as a result of blood transfusion?

    <p>Slow down the transfusion rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of acute retroviral syndrome?

    <p>Fever, swollen and tender lymph nodes, pharyngitis, rash, muscle and joint pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of antiretroviral drug therapy in HIV infection?

    <p>To keep CD4 cell count above 350/mm3 and undetectable viral load level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary complication of transfusion reaction that can lead to circulatory failure?

    <p>Acute hemolytic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of PT teaching for a patient requiring a blood transfusion?

    <p>Avoid exposure to people with infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of protease inhibitors in HIV treatment?

    <p>Inhibiting the action of protease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary complication of AIDS-related dementia complex?

    <p>Degeneration of brain affecting mood, cognition, and motor functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of genotype testing in HIV treatment?

    <p>To determine drug resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the reverse transcriptase enzyme in HIV replication?

    <p>To copy viral RNA to viral DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of HIV-1?

    <p>It mutates easily and frequently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of entry inhibitors in HIV treatment?

    <p>Preventing the fusion of HIV to T-cell co-receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the approach to eliminate new HIV infections?

    <p>To prevent HIV transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of HIV-2 over HIV-1?

    <p>It is less transmittable and has a longer interval between virus and AIDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    HIV and AIDS

    • AIDS is an infectious and fatal disorder that weakens the immune system, caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
    • 34 million people are infected with HIV/AIDS worldwide, with a 23% decline in mortality since 2010
    • High-risk groups include homosexual men, IV drug users, heterosexual women, and healthcare workers

    Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

    • HIV has two subtypes: HIV-1 (more prevalent in the US) and HIV-2 (less transmittable, found primarily in Western Africa)
    • HIV is genetically incomplete and has a double layer of lipid material surrounding the virus (gp120 and gp41)
    • Enzymes include reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease
    • Transmission occurs through body fluids (blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk)

    Prevention Strategies

    • Abstain from sexual intercourse or use condoms/spermicides
    • Avoid casual sex with multiple partners
    • Avoid sharing IV needles
    • Bank autologous blood (self-donated) or directed donor blood
    • Nurses should use standard precautions and report needlestick or sharp injuries

    AIDS Diagnosis and Pathophysiology

    • AIDS is the end stage of HIV infection, characterized by a markedly decreased T4-cell count and development of certain cancers and opportunistic infections
    • Classifications of AIDS diagnosis include Categories A, B, and C
    • Pathophysiology: impaired ability of infected T4 cells to recognize foreign antigens and stimulate B-cell lymphocytes
    • Rate of progression: influenced by weak strain of HIV, amount of virus, atypical CCR5 or CXCR4 co-receptors, and effective drug treatment

    Diagnostic Tests

    • Screening tests: ELISA/EIA, OraQuick HIV test, Fourth-generation test
    • Confirming tests: Western blot, indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test
    • Total T-cell count and viral load (p24 antigen test, polymerase chain reaction) guide drug therapy

    Medical Management

    • Antiretroviral drug therapy targets viral enzymes, but may lead to drug resistance and cross-resistance
    • Treatment goals: keep CD4 cell count above 350/mm3 and undetectable viral load level
    • Adjunct drug therapy: hydroxyurea, cytokines (interferons and interleukin 2)
    • Drug regimens: Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART), and individual medications (zidovudine, nevirapine, indinavir, saquinavir, enfuvirtide, raltegravir)

    Opportunistic Infections and Complications

    • Pneumocystis pneumonia, candidiasis, cytomegalovirus, cryptosporidiosis, and AIDS dementia complex
    • Treatment strategies for each infection

    Nursing Management

    • Health teaching: HIV prevention strategies, diagnostic screening, and antiretroviral drug education
    • Reducing occupational risks: standard precautions, safe handling of needles and sharp instruments, and transport of body fluids in leak-proof containers
    • PT teaching: medication regimen, maintaining weight, fluids, reporting weight loss, avoiding exposure to infections, and personal hygiene

    Transfusion Reaction

    • Causes: allergic reaction, acute hemolytic reaction, febrile non-hemolytic reaction, sepsis, and circulatory overload
    • Signs and symptoms, treatment strategies, and nursing interventions for each type of reaction

    HIV and AIDS

    • AIDS is an infectious and fatal disorder that weakens the immune system, caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
    • 34 million people are infected with HIV/AIDS worldwide, with a 23% decline in mortality since 2010
    • High-risk groups include homosexual men, IV drug users, heterosexual women, and healthcare workers

    Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

    • HIV has two subtypes: HIV-1 (more prevalent in the US) and HIV-2 (less transmittable, found primarily in Western Africa)
    • HIV is genetically incomplete and has a double layer of lipid material surrounding the virus (gp120 and gp41)
    • Enzymes include reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease
    • Transmission occurs through body fluids (blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk)

    Prevention Strategies

    • Abstain from sexual intercourse or use condoms/spermicides
    • Avoid casual sex with multiple partners
    • Avoid sharing IV needles
    • Bank autologous blood (self-donated) or directed donor blood
    • Nurses should use standard precautions and report needlestick or sharp injuries

    AIDS Diagnosis and Pathophysiology

    • AIDS is the end stage of HIV infection, characterized by a markedly decreased T4-cell count and development of certain cancers and opportunistic infections
    • Classifications of AIDS diagnosis include Categories A, B, and C
    • Pathophysiology: impaired ability of infected T4 cells to recognize foreign antigens and stimulate B-cell lymphocytes
    • Rate of progression: influenced by weak strain of HIV, amount of virus, atypical CCR5 or CXCR4 co-receptors, and effective drug treatment

    Diagnostic Tests

    • Screening tests: ELISA/EIA, OraQuick HIV test, Fourth-generation test
    • Confirming tests: Western blot, indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test
    • Total T-cell count and viral load (p24 antigen test, polymerase chain reaction) guide drug therapy

    Medical Management

    • Antiretroviral drug therapy targets viral enzymes, but may lead to drug resistance and cross-resistance
    • Treatment goals: keep CD4 cell count above 350/mm3 and undetectable viral load level
    • Adjunct drug therapy: hydroxyurea, cytokines (interferons and interleukin 2)
    • Drug regimens: Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART), and individual medications (zidovudine, nevirapine, indinavir, saquinavir, enfuvirtide, raltegravir)

    Opportunistic Infections and Complications

    • Pneumocystis pneumonia, candidiasis, cytomegalovirus, cryptosporidiosis, and AIDS dementia complex
    • Treatment strategies for each infection

    Nursing Management

    • Health teaching: HIV prevention strategies, diagnostic screening, and antiretroviral drug education
    • Reducing occupational risks: standard precautions, safe handling of needles and sharp instruments, and transport of body fluids in leak-proof containers
    • PT teaching: medication regimen, maintaining weight, fluids, reporting weight loss, avoiding exposure to infections, and personal hygiene

    Transfusion Reaction

    • Causes: allergic reaction, acute hemolytic reaction, febrile non-hemolytic reaction, sepsis, and circulatory overload
    • Signs and symptoms, treatment strategies, and nursing interventions for each type of reaction

    HIV and AIDS

    • AIDS is an infectious and fatal disorder that weakens the immune system, caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
    • 34 million people are infected with HIV/AIDS worldwide, with a 23% decline in mortality since 2010
    • High-risk groups include homosexual men, IV drug users, heterosexual women, and healthcare workers

    Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

    • HIV has two subtypes: HIV-1 (more prevalent in the US) and HIV-2 (less transmittable, found primarily in Western Africa)
    • HIV is genetically incomplete and has a double layer of lipid material surrounding the virus (gp120 and gp41)
    • Enzymes include reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease
    • Transmission occurs through body fluids (blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk)

    Prevention Strategies

    • Abstain from sexual intercourse or use condoms/spermicides
    • Avoid casual sex with multiple partners
    • Avoid sharing IV needles
    • Bank autologous blood (self-donated) or directed donor blood
    • Nurses should use standard precautions and report needlestick or sharp injuries

    AIDS Diagnosis and Pathophysiology

    • AIDS is the end stage of HIV infection, characterized by a markedly decreased T4-cell count and development of certain cancers and opportunistic infections
    • Classifications of AIDS diagnosis include Categories A, B, and C
    • Pathophysiology: impaired ability of infected T4 cells to recognize foreign antigens and stimulate B-cell lymphocytes
    • Rate of progression: influenced by weak strain of HIV, amount of virus, atypical CCR5 or CXCR4 co-receptors, and effective drug treatment

    Diagnostic Tests

    • Screening tests: ELISA/EIA, OraQuick HIV test, Fourth-generation test
    • Confirming tests: Western blot, indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test
    • Total T-cell count and viral load (p24 antigen test, polymerase chain reaction) guide drug therapy

    Medical Management

    • Antiretroviral drug therapy targets viral enzymes, but may lead to drug resistance and cross-resistance
    • Treatment goals: keep CD4 cell count above 350/mm3 and undetectable viral load level
    • Adjunct drug therapy: hydroxyurea, cytokines (interferons and interleukin 2)
    • Drug regimens: Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART), and individual medications (zidovudine, nevirapine, indinavir, saquinavir, enfuvirtide, raltegravir)

    Opportunistic Infections and Complications

    • Pneumocystis pneumonia, candidiasis, cytomegalovirus, cryptosporidiosis, and AIDS dementia complex
    • Treatment strategies for each infection

    Nursing Management

    • Health teaching: HIV prevention strategies, diagnostic screening, and antiretroviral drug education
    • Reducing occupational risks: standard precautions, safe handling of needles and sharp instruments, and transport of body fluids in leak-proof containers
    • PT teaching: medication regimen, maintaining weight, fluids, reporting weight loss, avoiding exposure to infections, and personal hygiene

    Transfusion Reaction

    • Causes: allergic reaction, acute hemolytic reaction, febrile non-hemolytic reaction, sepsis, and circulatory overload
    • Signs and symptoms, treatment strategies, and nursing interventions for each type of reaction

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