HIV and AIDS Medical Terminology

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of PT teaching for a patient requiring a blood transfusion?

Manage symptoms of sepsis

Avoid exposure to people with infections

Maintain or gain weight (correct)

Prevent allergic reactions to blood products

What is the most dangerous type of transfusion reaction?

Acute hemolytic reaction (correct)

Circulatory overload

Febrile non-hemolytic reaction

Allergic reaction

What is the treatment for an allergic reaction to a blood transfusion?

Slow or discontinue the transfusion

Administer oxygen and monitor vital signs

Provide fluids and vasopressors

STOP THE BLOOD, restart NaCl, notify Health Care Provider, diphenhydramine (correct)

What type of transplant involves transfer of tissue between genetically identical individuals?

Isograft Signup and view all the answers

What is a complication of transfusion reaction that can lead to death?

Kidney failure Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom of a febrile non-hemolytic reaction?

Chills and fever Signup and view all the answers

What should the healthcare provider do if a patient experiences an acute hemolytic reaction?

STOP THE BLOOD, airway management, O2 Signup and view all the answers

What is a complication of transfusion reaction that can lead to circulatory failure?

Circulatory overload Signup and view all the answers

What type of transplant involves transfer of tissue from one site to another on the same person?

Autograft Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for sepsis resulting from contaminated blood?

STOP THE BLOOD, obtain Blood Cultures, antibiotics, fluids, vasopressors, steroids Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the T4 cells in the immune system?

To recognize and stimulate B-cell lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Western Blot test in the diagnosis of HIV?

To confirm the presence of HIV antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of antiretroviral drug therapy in HIV infection?

To reduce the viral load to undetectable levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common opportunistic infection associated with HIV infection?

Pneumocystis pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of protease inhibitors in HIV treatment?

Inhibiting the protease enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of genotype testing in HIV treatment?

To detect drug resistance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of health teaching for patients with HIV infection?

To reduce the risk of transmission Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which HIV enters T-cells?

By connecting with T-cell co-receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in HIV treatment?

To reduce the risk of drug resistance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of HIV-1?

Mutates easily and frequently Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication of AIDS-related dementia complex?

Degeneration of brain tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of standard precautions in nursing practice?

To reduce the risk of occupational exposure Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the protease enzyme in HIV replication?

To free the replicated viral particles into the cytoplasm of the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the lipid material that surrounds the HIV virus?

Gp120 and gp41 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a high-risk factor for HIV transmission?

Sharing IV needles Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the approach to eliminate new HIV infections?

Diagnosing, Treating, Preventing, Responding Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of infection for HIV-2?

Western Africa Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the reverse transcriptase enzyme in HIV replication?

To copy viral RNA to viral DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the current trend in HIV-related mortality?

Decreasing Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the category of antiretroviral drugs developed to prevent HIV entry into host cells?

Entry inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of PT teaching for a patient requiring a blood transfusion and HIV infection?

Maintain or gain weight and fluids Signup and view all the answers

What type of transfusion reaction is the most severe?

Acute hemolytic reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for an acute hemolytic reaction?

Stop the blood, airway management, O2 Signup and view all the answers

What type of transplant involves transfer of tissue from one site to another on the same person?

Autograft Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication of transfusion reaction that can lead to death?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom of a febrile non-hemolytic reaction?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for sepsis resulting from contaminated blood?

Stop the blood, obtain Blood Cultures, antibiotics, fluids, vasopressors, steroids Signup and view all the answers

What type of transplant involves transfer of tissue between genetically identical individuals?

Isograft Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of PT teaching for a patient requiring a blood transfusion?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for an allergic reaction to a blood transfusion?

Stop the blood, restart NaCl, notify Health Care Provider, diphenhydramine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of HIV-2 over HIV-1?

It is less transmittable and has a longer interval between virus and AIDS Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the integrase enzyme in HIV replication?

It incorporates viral DNA into host cell DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of entry inhibitors in HIV treatment?

They prevent the fusion of HIV with T-cell co-receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of banking autologous blood or directed donor blood?

To prevent transmission of HIV through blood transfusions Signup and view all the answers

What is the current trend in HIV-related mortality?

It is decreasing Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication of AIDS-related dementia complex?

Cognitive impairment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the protease enzyme in HIV replication?

It frees replicated viral particles into the cytoplasm of the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which HIV enters T-cells?

Through the fusion of HIV with T-cell co-receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the approach to eliminate new HIV infections?

To prevent HIV transmission Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the lipid material that surrounds the HIV virus?

Double layer of lipid material Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the T4 cells in the immune system?

To recognize and stimulate B-cell lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of AIDS dementia complex?

Degeneration of brain tissue affecting mood, cognition, and motor functions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of genotype testing in HIV treatment?

To detect resistance to antiretroviral drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of protease inhibitors in HIV treatment?

Inhibiting the protease enzyme, preventing viral maturation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of health teaching for patients with HIV infection?

To promote adherence to antiretroviral therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in HIV treatment?

To reduce the risk of drug resistance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which HIV enters T-cells?

Through the binding of gp120 to CD4 receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication of AIDS-related dementia complex?

Degeneration of brain tissue affecting mood, cognition, and motor functions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of standard precautions in nursing practice?

To reduce the risk of occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the reverse transcriptase enzyme in HIV replication?

To convert RNA to DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction?

Incompatible blood type Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of an allergic reaction to blood transfusion?

Urticaria Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for circulatory overload as a result of blood transfusion?

Slow down the transfusion rate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of acute retroviral syndrome?

Fever, swollen and tender lymph nodes, pharyngitis, rash, muscle and joint pain Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of antiretroviral drug therapy in HIV infection?

To keep CD4 cell count above 350/mm3 and undetectable viral load level Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication of transfusion reaction that can lead to circulatory failure?

Acute hemolytic reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of PT teaching for a patient requiring a blood transfusion?

Avoid exposure to people with infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of protease inhibitors in HIV treatment?

Inhibiting the action of protease Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication of AIDS-related dementia complex?

Degeneration of brain affecting mood, cognition, and motor functions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of genotype testing in HIV treatment?

To determine drug resistance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the reverse transcriptase enzyme in HIV replication?

To copy viral RNA to viral DNA Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of HIV-1?

It mutates easily and frequently Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of entry inhibitors in HIV treatment?

Preventing the fusion of HIV to T-cell co-receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the approach to eliminate new HIV infections?

To prevent HIV transmission Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of HIV-2 over HIV-1?

It is less transmittable and has a longer interval between virus and AIDS Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

HIV and AIDS

AIDS is an infectious and fatal disorder that weakens the immune system, caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
34 million people are infected with HIV/AIDS worldwide, with a 23% decline in mortality since 2010
High-risk groups include homosexual men, IV drug users, heterosexual women, and healthcare workers

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

HIV has two subtypes: HIV-1 (more prevalent in the US) and HIV-2 (less transmittable, found primarily in Western Africa)
HIV is genetically incomplete and has a double layer of lipid material surrounding the virus (gp120 and gp41)
Enzymes include reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease
Transmission occurs through body fluids (blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk)

Prevention Strategies

Abstain from sexual intercourse or use condoms/spermicides
Avoid casual sex with multiple partners
Avoid sharing IV needles
Bank autologous blood (self-donated) or directed donor blood
Nurses should use standard precautions and report needlestick or sharp injuries

AIDS Diagnosis and Pathophysiology

AIDS is the end stage of HIV infection, characterized by a markedly decreased T4-cell count and development of certain cancers and opportunistic infections
Classifications of AIDS diagnosis include Categories A, B, and C
Pathophysiology: impaired ability of infected T4 cells to recognize foreign antigens and stimulate B-cell lymphocytes
Rate of progression: influenced by weak strain of HIV, amount of virus, atypical CCR5 or CXCR4 co-receptors, and effective drug treatment

Diagnostic Tests

Screening tests: ELISA/EIA, OraQuick HIV test, Fourth-generation test
Confirming tests: Western blot, indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test
Total T-cell count and viral load (p24 antigen test, polymerase chain reaction) guide drug therapy

Medical Management

Antiretroviral drug therapy targets viral enzymes, but may lead to drug resistance and cross-resistance
Treatment goals: keep CD4 cell count above 350/mm3 and undetectable viral load level
Adjunct drug therapy: hydroxyurea, cytokines (interferons and interleukin 2)
Drug regimens: Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART), and individual medications (zidovudine, nevirapine, indinavir, saquinavir, enfuvirtide, raltegravir)

Opportunistic Infections and Complications

Pneumocystis pneumonia, candidiasis, cytomegalovirus, cryptosporidiosis, and AIDS dementia complex
Treatment strategies for each infection

Nursing Management

Health teaching: HIV prevention strategies, diagnostic screening, and antiretroviral drug education
Reducing occupational risks: standard precautions, safe handling of needles and sharp instruments, and transport of body fluids in leak-proof containers
PT teaching: medication regimen, maintaining weight, fluids, reporting weight loss, avoiding exposure to infections, and personal hygiene

Transfusion Reaction

Causes: allergic reaction, acute hemolytic reaction, febrile non-hemolytic reaction, sepsis, and circulatory overload
Signs and symptoms, treatment strategies, and nursing interventions for each type of reaction

HIV and AIDS

AIDS is an infectious and fatal disorder that weakens the immune system, caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
34 million people are infected with HIV/AIDS worldwide, with a 23% decline in mortality since 2010
High-risk groups include homosexual men, IV drug users, heterosexual women, and healthcare workers

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

HIV has two subtypes: HIV-1 (more prevalent in the US) and HIV-2 (less transmittable, found primarily in Western Africa)
HIV is genetically incomplete and has a double layer of lipid material surrounding the virus (gp120 and gp41)
Enzymes include reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease
Transmission occurs through body fluids (blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk)

Prevention Strategies

Abstain from sexual intercourse or use condoms/spermicides
Avoid casual sex with multiple partners
Avoid sharing IV needles
Bank autologous blood (self-donated) or directed donor blood
Nurses should use standard precautions and report needlestick or sharp injuries

AIDS Diagnosis and Pathophysiology

AIDS is the end stage of HIV infection, characterized by a markedly decreased T4-cell count and development of certain cancers and opportunistic infections
Classifications of AIDS diagnosis include Categories A, B, and C
Pathophysiology: impaired ability of infected T4 cells to recognize foreign antigens and stimulate B-cell lymphocytes
Rate of progression: influenced by weak strain of HIV, amount of virus, atypical CCR5 or CXCR4 co-receptors, and effective drug treatment

Diagnostic Tests

Screening tests: ELISA/EIA, OraQuick HIV test, Fourth-generation test
Confirming tests: Western blot, indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test
Total T-cell count and viral load (p24 antigen test, polymerase chain reaction) guide drug therapy

Medical Management

Antiretroviral drug therapy targets viral enzymes, but may lead to drug resistance and cross-resistance
Treatment goals: keep CD4 cell count above 350/mm3 and undetectable viral load level
Adjunct drug therapy: hydroxyurea, cytokines (interferons and interleukin 2)
Drug regimens: Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART), and individual medications (zidovudine, nevirapine, indinavir, saquinavir, enfuvirtide, raltegravir)

Opportunistic Infections and Complications

Pneumocystis pneumonia, candidiasis, cytomegalovirus, cryptosporidiosis, and AIDS dementia complex
Treatment strategies for each infection

Nursing Management

Health teaching: HIV prevention strategies, diagnostic screening, and antiretroviral drug education
Reducing occupational risks: standard precautions, safe handling of needles and sharp instruments, and transport of body fluids in leak-proof containers
PT teaching: medication regimen, maintaining weight, fluids, reporting weight loss, avoiding exposure to infections, and personal hygiene

Transfusion Reaction

Causes: allergic reaction, acute hemolytic reaction, febrile non-hemolytic reaction, sepsis, and circulatory overload
Signs and symptoms, treatment strategies, and nursing interventions for each type of reaction

HIV and AIDS

AIDS is an infectious and fatal disorder that weakens the immune system, caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
34 million people are infected with HIV/AIDS worldwide, with a 23% decline in mortality since 2010
High-risk groups include homosexual men, IV drug users, heterosexual women, and healthcare workers

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

HIV has two subtypes: HIV-1 (more prevalent in the US) and HIV-2 (less transmittable, found primarily in Western Africa)
HIV is genetically incomplete and has a double layer of lipid material surrounding the virus (gp120 and gp41)
Enzymes include reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease
Transmission occurs through body fluids (blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk)

Prevention Strategies

Abstain from sexual intercourse or use condoms/spermicides
Avoid casual sex with multiple partners
Avoid sharing IV needles
Bank autologous blood (self-donated) or directed donor blood
Nurses should use standard precautions and report needlestick or sharp injuries

AIDS Diagnosis and Pathophysiology

AIDS is the end stage of HIV infection, characterized by a markedly decreased T4-cell count and development of certain cancers and opportunistic infections
Classifications of AIDS diagnosis include Categories A, B, and C
Pathophysiology: impaired ability of infected T4 cells to recognize foreign antigens and stimulate B-cell lymphocytes
Rate of progression: influenced by weak strain of HIV, amount of virus, atypical CCR5 or CXCR4 co-receptors, and effective drug treatment

Diagnostic Tests

Screening tests: ELISA/EIA, OraQuick HIV test, Fourth-generation test
Confirming tests: Western blot, indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test
Total T-cell count and viral load (p24 antigen test, polymerase chain reaction) guide drug therapy

Medical Management

Antiretroviral drug therapy targets viral enzymes, but may lead to drug resistance and cross-resistance
Treatment goals: keep CD4 cell count above 350/mm3 and undetectable viral load level
Adjunct drug therapy: hydroxyurea, cytokines (interferons and interleukin 2)
Drug regimens: Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART), and individual medications (zidovudine, nevirapine, indinavir, saquinavir, enfuvirtide, raltegravir)

Opportunistic Infections and Complications

Pneumocystis pneumonia, candidiasis, cytomegalovirus, cryptosporidiosis, and AIDS dementia complex
Treatment strategies for each infection

Nursing Management

Health teaching: HIV prevention strategies, diagnostic screening, and antiretroviral drug education
Reducing occupational risks: standard precautions, safe handling of needles and sharp instruments, and transport of body fluids in leak-proof containers
PT teaching: medication regimen, maintaining weight, fluids, reporting weight loss, avoiding exposure to infections, and personal hygiene

Transfusion Reaction

Causes: allergic reaction, acute hemolytic reaction, febrile non-hemolytic reaction, sepsis, and circulatory overload
Signs and symptoms, treatment strategies, and nursing interventions for each type of reaction

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Test your knowledge of HIV and AIDS, including their definitions, causes, and effects on the immune system, as well as statistics and trends.