HIV and AIDS Causal Relationship

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Which step in the epidemiological approach involves describing cases in terms of time, place, and person?

Dividing

Comparing

Counting (correct)

Establishing case definition

What is the purpose of dividing the number of cases by an appropriate denominator in epidemiology?

To establish case definitions

To count the number of cases accurately

To compare rates over time or different groups of people (correct)

To describe cases in terms of time, place, and person

Which concept in epidemiology involves the calculation of rates based on the number of cases and the appropriate denominator?

Comparing

Establishing case definition

Counting

Dividing (correct)

What is the main focus of establishing a case definition in epidemiology?

Describing and defining cases clearly Signup and view all the answers

Which step in the epidemiological approach involves comparing rates over time or between different groups of people?

Comparing Signup and view all the answers

What does counting cases help with in epidemiology?

Describing cases in detail Signup and view all the answers

What is a common zoonotic disease mentioned in the text?

Anthrax Signup and view all the answers

How do scabies mites typically exit the host's body?

Via skin Signup and view all the answers

What is a mode of transmission where the agent is carried by arthropods but does not undergo changes in the arthropod's body?

Vector transmission Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the body serves as a portal of entry for pathogens?

Respiratory tract Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is caused by a parasite with a complex life cycle and is transmitted by insects?

Malaria Signup and view all the answers

In what way do cholera bacteria typically exit the host's body?

Via faeces Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the proportion of exposed persons who become infected?

Infectivity Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which the pattern of mortality and disease is transformed from high mortality among infants to degenerative diseases?

Epidemiologic transition Signup and view all the answers

What is the natural history of a disease?

The progression of a disease process in an individual over time without treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which conditions are listed as the leading causes of death in Jamaica according to the text?

Cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, cancers Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of screening programs in relation to disease progression?

To identify disease processes during the sub-clinical stage Signup and view all the answers

Which document outlines the Ten Year Strategic Plan 2019-2030 for Jamaica?

Vision 2030 Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of a disease represents when a patient is symptomatic?

Stage of clinical disease Signup and view all the answers

What proportion is defined as the proportion of persons with clinical disease who become severely ill or die?

Virulence Signup and view all the answers

What may halt the progression of a disease according to the text?

Preventive or therapeutic measures Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'national health goals and strategies' refer to in the text?

National Health Fund Signup and view all the answers

In the natural history of a disease, what does the incubation period refer to?

Sub-clinical stage where no symptoms are present Signup and view all the answers

What is a common aim of screening programs as mentioned in the text?

To identify carriers who will never progress to clinical stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a standard case definition in epidemiology?

To ensure all cases are diagnosed in the same manner for comparability Signup and view all the answers

Why are standard case definitions essential in epidemiology?

To ensure a real difference rather than variation in diagnosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a probable case according to the example given for measles cases?

Meets clinical case definition but no confirmed lab testing Signup and view all the answers

Why might some cases be permanently labeled as 'suspect' or 'probable'?

Because officials believe unnecessary testing is wasteful Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a sensitive case definition in epidemiology?

To be used for potentially severe communicable diseases Signup and view all the answers

What components do case definitions for outbreak investigations consist of?

Clinical criteria and limitations on time, place, and person Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates a confirmed case from a probable case according to the example provided?

Confirmed cases have confirmed laboratory results Signup and view all the answers

How do standard case definitions help in comparing disease occurrences?

By ensuring all cases are diagnosed uniformly Signup and view all the answers

What may lead to a case being permanently labeled as 'suspect' or 'probable'?

Officials deeming unnecessary testing wasteful Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a sensitive case definition in epidemiology?

To be used for rare but severe communicable diseases Signup and view all the answers