History Vocabulary Chapter 11 and 12

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Questions and Answers

What was the Black Death primarily caused by?

Cholera

Bubonic plague (correct)

Malaria

Influenza

What were pogroms?

Massacres against the Jewish minority in Germany.

What is scutage?

Money paid instead of military service.

What does the third estate represent?

Peasants and common people. Signup and view all the answers

Who were condottieri?

Mercenary leaders employed by Italian city-states. Signup and view all the answers

What triggered the Great Schism?

Power struggles resulting in two popes. Signup and view all the answers

What is conciliarism?

The belief that a general council of the Church would resolve the Great Schism. Signup and view all the answers

What does mysticism refer to?

Direct experience of oneness with God. Signup and view all the answers

What is modern devotion?

A movement emphasizing simple inner piety and morality based on scripture. Signup and view all the answers

What does renaissance mean?

Rebirth. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three estates of society?

Clergy, nobility, and peasants. Signup and view all the answers

What does individualism emphasize?

Personality and the full development of one's talents. Signup and view all the answers

What is secularism?

Focus on the material world instead of spiritual concerns. Signup and view all the answers

What is humanism?

An intellectual movement based on classical literature. Signup and view all the answers

What is civic humanism?

Humanism tied to Florentine civic spirit and pride. Signup and view all the answers

What is neoplatonism?

A movement attempting to reconcile Christian teaching with ancient Greek philosophy. Signup and view all the answers

What is hermeticism?

An intellectual tradition emphasizing occult sciences. Signup and view all the answers

What does pantheism espouse?

The divine is present in all aspects of nature. Signup and view all the answers

What were new monarchies?

Attempts to centralize monarchial power in the late 15th century. Signup and view all the answers

What is nepotism?

Favoritism shown to relatives in job appointments. Signup and view all the answers

What was the 100 Years War?

A conflict between England and France lasting from 1337 to 1453. Signup and view all the answers

What were the chief factors leading to urban and rural revolts in the 14th century?

Resentment against government policies and economic hardships. Signup and view all the answers

What were the causes and results of the Hundred Years War?

Causes included disputes over royal succession and territory; results led to strengthened French monarchy. Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the Black Death have on European society and economy?

Labor prices rose while agriculture prices fell, leading to social tensions. Signup and view all the answers

What major problems did European states face in the 14th century?

Famine, plague, economic turmoil, and political instability. Signup and view all the answers

How did the authority and prestige of the papacy decline in the 14th century?

Power struggles between popes and monarchs led to the Great Schism. Signup and view all the answers

What were the major developments in art and literature in the 14th century?

Introduction of vernacular literature and a focus on morbidity in art. Signup and view all the answers

How did the adversities of the 14th century affect urban life and medical practices?

The plague prompted improvements in city cleanliness and medical education. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Black Death

Mid 14th century pestilence impacted Asia, North Africa, and Europe, primarily the bubonic plague.
Bacteria Yersinia Pestis spread via fleas on black rats.

Pogroms

Massacres against Jewish communities in Germany by 1351 resulted in the extermination of over sixty major communities.
Many Jews fled to Eastern Europe (especially Poland) where they found refuge.

Scutage

Money payments substituting for military service became common after the Black Death.
Monarchs preferred this as they could hire dependable professional soldiers.

Third Estate

Comprising 98% of the population, primarily peasants with limited legal rights.
Minorities included some practicing doctors and lawyers.

Condottieri

Mercenary leaders hired by Italian city-states during the Renaissance.
Prominent figure: Sir John Hawkwood, previously fought in the Hundred Years War.

Great Schism

Following Pope Gregory XI's death, Urban VI became pope but faced opposition from cardinals.
Resulted in two legitimate popes (Urban VI and Clement VII), dividing Western Christians and weakening the Church's authority.

Conciliarism

Emerged from the Great Schism, emphasizing the need for a general council to reform the Church.

Mysticism

Characterized by an immediate experience of oneness with God, as taught by Meister Eckhart.
Related to historical Christian claims of mystical experiences.

Modern Devotion

Movement initiated by Gerard Groote contrasting with traditional Roman Catholic teachings.
Emphasized simplicity in piety and morality, based on scripture.

Renaissance

Term means "rebirth," with Italy viewed as the cradle of the modern era.

Estates

Society in the Renaissance divided into three estates: clergy, nobility, and peasants.

Individualism

The Renaissance celebrated personality, uniqueness, and individual capabilities.

Secularism

A focus on materialism and worldly matters rather than spiritual concerns.

Humanism

Intellectual movement centered on classical literature of Greece and Rome, emphasizing grammar, rhetoric, and ethics.

Civic Humanism

In Florence, humanism merged with civic pride, giving rise to civil humanism.

Neoplatonism

Sought to harmonize Christian teachings with ancient Greek philosophy.

Hermeticism

Florentine movement emphasizing the occult sciences, including astrology and alchemy.

Pantheism

Some Hermetic texts promoted Pantheism, seeing divinity in nature and celestial bodies.

New Monarchies

15th-century efforts to centralize power in monarchies, particularly in France, England, and Spain.

Nepotism

The practice of favoring relatives in job appointments, common among popes due to lack of hereditary monarchy.

Hundred Years War

Conflict (1337-1453) primarily between England and France, significantly damaging French countryside.

Urban and Rural Revolts (14th Century)

Rural revolts driven by resentment toward noble landowners and royal policies.
Urban revolts stemmed from poor wages, high taxes, and lack of representation.

Causes and Consequences of the Hundred Years War

Causes included disputes over royal succession and territorial claims.
Consequences: weakened England's continental power and strengthened the Valois monarchy in France.

Impact of the Black Death on Society and Economy

Resulted in increased labor prices and decreased agricultural prices, leading to peasant mobility and class tensions.
Triggered significant revolts, including the Jacquerie.

Major Problems Facing European States in the 14th Century

Faced famine, plague, economic hardship, social unrest, and political instability.
Conflict over territories led to the Hundred Years' War and increased corruption within nobility.

Decline of Papal Authority and Prestige

Power struggles between popes and monarchies contributed to papal decline, culminating in the Great Schism.
Resulted in a fragmented Church, prompting calls for reform and greater stability.

Developments in Art and Literature in the 14th Century

Vernacular literature flourished with authors like Dante and Petrarch.
Artistic themes shifted post-Black Death towards darker motifs, exemplified by artists such as Giotto.

Urban Life and Medical Practices in the 14th Century

Efforts to combat the plague led to improved sanitation and changes in social roles.
Increased focus on medical education and the significance of surgeons despite continued challenges posed by the plague.

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Description

Enhance your understanding of key historical terms from Chapters 11 and 12. This vocabulary quiz includes important concepts like the Black Death and pogroms, crucial for any history enthusiast. Test your knowledge and strengthen your grasp on these historical events.