Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which factor is NOT considered a strong predictor of delinquent behavior in children?
Which factor is NOT considered a strong predictor of delinquent behavior in children?
What is likely to happen if a child experiences harsh discipline from parents?
What is likely to happen if a child experiences harsh discipline from parents?
Which developmental trajectory is characterized by young offenders stopping their behaviors around age 18?
Which developmental trajectory is characterized by young offenders stopping their behaviors around age 18?
Which of the following is a characteristic of children with a conduct disorder?
Which of the following is a characteristic of children with a conduct disorder?
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In terms of risk factors, what is a direct interaction between parental practices and a child's risk?
In terms of risk factors, what is a direct interaction between parental practices and a child's risk?
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Which type of intervention focuses on children showing early signs of antisocial behaviors?
Which type of intervention focuses on children showing early signs of antisocial behaviors?
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What is considered the most important protective factor for children facing adversity?
What is considered the most important protective factor for children facing adversity?
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What differentiates males from females regarding offending behavior?
What differentiates males from females regarding offending behavior?
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Which factor is correlated with an increased risk of antisocial traits in children?
Which factor is correlated with an increased risk of antisocial traits in children?
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What is a key characteristic of externalizing disorders in youth?
What is a key characteristic of externalizing disorders in youth?
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Which parenting practice can reinforce children's bad behavior?
Which parenting practice can reinforce children's bad behavior?
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Which progression of disorders is commonly associated with youth showing signs of ADHD?
Which progression of disorders is commonly associated with youth showing signs of ADHD?
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What factor is primarily associated with the development of cognitive antisocial behavior in youths?
What factor is primarily associated with the development of cognitive antisocial behavior in youths?
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How does peer rejection impact youth in relation to antisocial behavior?
How does peer rejection impact youth in relation to antisocial behavior?
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Which of the following is considered a biological factor contributing to antisocial behavior?
Which of the following is considered a biological factor contributing to antisocial behavior?
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What is a common misconception about internalizing disorders in youth?
What is a common misconception about internalizing disorders in youth?
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Which of these factors is a risk associated with poverty in the context of youth externalizing disorders?
Which of these factors is a risk associated with poverty in the context of youth externalizing disorders?
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What does the trajectory from Conduct Disorder (CD) involving callous-unemotional traits lead to?
What does the trajectory from Conduct Disorder (CD) involving callous-unemotional traits lead to?
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What is a protective factor against the development of externalizing disorders in adolescents?
What is a protective factor against the development of externalizing disorders in adolescents?
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What significant change did the Juvenile Delinquents Act introduced in 1908 bring about?
What significant change did the Juvenile Delinquents Act introduced in 1908 bring about?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the impact of the Youth Criminal Justice Act introduced in 2003?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the impact of the Youth Criminal Justice Act introduced in 2003?
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Prior to the 19th century, how were young offenders treated in the justice system?
Prior to the 19th century, how were young offenders treated in the justice system?
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What was a key feature of the Young Offenders Act introduced in 1984?
What was a key feature of the Young Offenders Act introduced in 1984?
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What was established by the reform schools in the mid-1800s?
What was established by the reform schools in the mid-1800s?
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What was the minimum age established for charging an individual with a crime in 1892?
What was the minimum age established for charging an individual with a crime in 1892?
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Why were extrajudicial measures encouraged under the Youth Criminal Justice Act?
Why were extrajudicial measures encouraged under the Youth Criminal Justice Act?
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What approach did the Young Offenders Act advocate for when dealing with youth offenses?
What approach did the Young Offenders Act advocate for when dealing with youth offenses?
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Study Notes
History of Young Offender Legislation
- Pre-1800s: Young offenders treated as adults, same sentences as adults, placed in adult prisons. Minimal reform, often leading to further criminalization.
- Mid-1800s: Industrial and reform schools established as alternatives to prison.
- 1892: Minimum age for criminal charges set at 7.
- 1894: Youthful Offenders Act introduced. Prioritized trying youths as minors, keeping them separate from adults, but implementation was slow.
- 1908: Juvenile Delinquents Act introduced. Created court probation for youths. Viewed youths as misdirected children rather than criminals. Limited incarceration for 7-12 year olds unless necessary. Considered parental involvement in sentencing. Criticized for flexibility and variability.
- 1984: Young Offenders Act. Amended multiple times. Included warnings, informal dealings with youths. Preferred alternative measures to incarceration. Focused on specific acts, not just general delinquency. Forged for youth ages 12-17
- 2003: Youth Criminal Justice Act. Balanced welfare and justice principles. Prioritizing preventing youth crime, rehabilitating young offenders, and reintegrating youth back into the community Emphasized treatment and reintegration. Extrajudicial measures shown to be 85-90% effective.
Internalizing/Externalizing Disorders in Youth
- Externalizing: Acting out behaviors (e.g., substance abuse, conduct disorder, adult ASPD). Difficult to treat as the youth often don’t view their actions as problematic.
- Internalizing: Depression, anxiety, not immediately observable. Less directly linked to criminal behavior than externalizing factors. Easier to treat due to existing treatments. Suppressed negative emotions may sometimes cause outward acting out behaviors.
Psychiatric Diagnoses and Trajectories
- ADHD can progress to Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), then Conduct Disorder (CD), and later Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD). This doesn't necessarily lead to psychopathy.
- ADHD + ODD can create Conduct Disorder (CD) with Callous-Unemotional (CU) traits. CD with CU, Grandiose-Manipulative (GM), and Disinhibited-Impulsive (DI) traits indicate a higher risk for Psychopathy.
Theories of Antisocial Behavior Development
- Biological: Frontal lobe deficits, impaired planning, and inhibition. Genetic links between paternal antisocial behavior and familial criminality.
- Cognitive: Misinterpreting cues, limited problem-solving skills, reactive vs. proactive aggression. Thought distortions lead to inferring hostile intent when none exists. Youth can struggle with adaptive responses and problem solving. Reactive (hot-based) aggression is more common in youth.
- Social: Observational learning, witnessing violence and outcomes, violent media. Youth may view violence as rewarded, leading to desensitization.
Risk and Protective Factors for Externalizing Disorders
- Social: Poverty, family disruption, unsafe living, inadequate schools, lack of support systems. One of the strongest predictors is peer experiences, including rejection, bullying, association with deviant peers. Early school failings can contribute to rejection. Poor after-school care, lack of adult supervision, and absence of proactive adult role models increase risk.
- Familial: Single-parent families, poor parent-child dynamics, conflict, harsh discipline, emotional abuse/neglect, lack of warmth, lack of discipline, aggression, lack of positive behaviour reinforcement.
- Psychological: Temperament (difficulty in calming down), ADHD (increased risk, particularly with additional antisocial factors involved), Conduct Disorder, Moffitt's Developmental Trajectories (adolescent-limited vs. life-course persistent offending); Gender (males generally offend more across categories),
- Resilience: A crucial protective factor interacting with individual/family/community supports to overcome adversity.
Interventions
- Primary: Prevent issues before they arise.
- Secondary: Intervene when early antisocial behaviors appear.
- Tertiary: Support individuals already involved in the system, particularly for ongoing offending.
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Description
This quiz explores the evolution of legislation related to young offenders from pre-1800s to the 1984 Young Offenders Act. It delves into significant milestones, shifts in perceptions, and approaches to juvenile justice, emphasizing the changes in treatment and legal status of youths. Test your knowledge on key developments and their impacts on young offenders.
