History of Transportation

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Introduction

• Traffic management and accident investigation are related to driving.

History of Transportation

• Transportation enables movement or conveyance of people and goods from one place to another.
• The need to travel has existed since the creation of human beings.

Manpower

• Early humans carried their burdens by walking because they did not have domesticated animals.
• The word "pedestrian" comes from the Latin word "Pedester", which means to travel by foot.

Carrying Pole

• A carrying pole, also known as a shoulder pole or milkmaid's yoke, is a carrying device.
• In China and the Far East, the carrying pole is balanced on one shoulder.
• On Pacific islands, the ends of the pole are supported by two men, with goods hanging from the pole in between.

Backload and Tumpline

• Goods can be carried on the back in many parts of the world.
• In Subtemala, pots are carried on a wooden framework supported by a tumpline across the forehead.
• In the Andes, a strap passing over the chest holds the load on the back.

Sledge on Rollers

• Heavy burdens were moved by placing them on a sledge that rested on a series of rollers.

Sledge on Runners

• A simple, likely man-drawn sledge was used at the end of the Old Stone Age in northern Europe.
• Fragments of wooden runners that survived provide evidence of this.

Travois

• A travois is a type of sled made of two joined poles that serves as a platform for carrying burdens.

Animals in Transportation

• Oxen are used to transport agricultural products.
• Reindeer were used during the Christian Era in Siberia and northern regions to carry sleds.
• Gangs of dogs are used in northern regions and cold places to carry sleds.
• Donkeys have been pack animals dating back to before the birth of Christ.
• Llamas were used by the Incas and pre-Columbian Americans.
• Elephants served as weapons and means of transportation in India.
• Horses were first used by Asians.
• Camels are used to travel in the desert regions of Central Asia.
• Yaks are used by Tibetans, especially in cold regions.
• Canoes were the first means of water transportation, made from animal skin, hardened, and molded to form a boat.

Wind Power

• Realizing energy from moving air led to the invention of air-lifted transportation vessels.
• Ancient Chinese kites were used for transport when a Korean General employed one in building a bridge, based on Korean tradition.
• Sail ships have been used since about 3000 BC.
• Junks were used by the Chinese and steered using the steering wheel and rudder in turning or diverting the ship.

Roads and Vehicles

• Romans constructed a road network reaching about 50,000 miles.
• John Mc. Adam created macadamized roads in England in 1815, but they were destroyed by automatic rubber wheels.
• Spaniards were responsible for constructing road networks in the Philippines.
• Americans sent the first automobile to the Philippines in 1901.
• Canals are bodies of water used as channels of sea transportation.
• The first canal ever built was the New Castle to Manchester canal (7 miles).
• The first American Canal opened in 1825, connecting Lake Eric and the Hudson River.
• Railways are channels of transportation where a parallel line of irons was used as a road, but accessibility is limited to trains only.
• The Stockton and Darlington Line (1825) was the first railroad.
• The Liverpool and Manchester (1829) was the second railroad.
• George and Stephenson (1814) made the first fully developed trains.
• The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (1826) was the first American railroad.
• Steamboats are boats with steam engines.
• Robert Fulton's Claremont made its first journey in 1807 on the Hudson River, where the first steamboat appeared in 1811.
• Wheels were invented probably in western Asia and were a milestone and a great step forward in transportation.
• Crude carts and wagons began to appear in the Tigris-Euphrates Valley around 3500 BC.
• Wheels enabled people to transport burdens beyond their power or animals' ability to carry or drag.

Early Wheeled Carts

• Solid Wheels on Fixed Axle: This ancient cart represents an early step in the evolution of wheeled vehicles, made of a single wood rotating on a single axle.
• Sumerian Chariot with Flank Wheels: It had solid wheels built up of three-four pieces, which were more durable than the one-piece wheel.
• Greek Quadriga with Spoked Wheels: Drawn by four horses, it was a light, elegant vehicle for gentlemen around 50 BC, with spoked wheels, iron and bronze axles, handles for mounting, and a board seat.
• Roman Carpentum: A closed two-wheeled cart favored by Roman women.
• Italian Cocchio: A traveling wagon in which passengers were protected by a covering of leather or cloth fixed over a wooden framework.

Invention of Vehicles

• The early 19th century served as a nursery for automobile builders.
• One ancestor of the modern bicycle was the Hobby horse or Dandy horse, which had wooden wheels and tires of iron, propelled by riders pushing with their feet.
• BICYCLE- A transportation mode made by series of connected tubes, one pair of pneumatic wheels, pedal system and steering handle used

• Dandy Horse: the first bicycle without a pedal system.
• Star Bicycle: bicycle with open pair of wherein one large front wheel and a small one of the rear.
• Tandem Bicycle: used by several people and has both wheels of equal size.

Fundamentals of Traffic Management

• Traffic refers to the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, either by combustion system or animal drawn, from one place to another for the purpose of travel.
• It includes the movement of vehicles and people from origin to destination.
• Traffic originated from the Greco-Roman word "Trafico," originally meaning "trade."
• The Greeks originally called the system as TRAFRIGA
• There is no dispute that trafico is Greco-Roman word, but the word traffic was crafted from Famous "TRAFALGAR SQUARE"
• Traffic management is an executive function involving planning, organizing, directing, supervising, coordinating, operating, recording, and budgeting traffic affairs.
• Transportation is the movement or conveying of persons and goods from one place to another.

Definitions of Terms

• Management: Skillful use of means to accomplish a purpose.
• Operation: A course or series of acts to effect a purpose, manner of action, or a vital or natural process.
• Roadway: The part of the traffic way over which motor vehicles pass.
• Shoulder: Refers to either side of the roadway, especially along highways.
• Traffic Way: The entire width between boundary lines of every way or place where any part is open to public vehicular traffic.

Pillars of Traffic Management

• General Pillars (E's of Management):
  • Engineering: Measuring traffic and travel, along with studying traffic flow and generation, to apply this knowledge to planning and operating traffic systems safely and efficiently.
  • Education: Any act or process of imparting and acquiring general knowledge on traffic and related matters concerning the use of traffic ways or roadways.
  • Enforcement: Actions taken by traffic law enforcers, such as arresting, issuing tickets, and warnings, to deter and prevent violations.
• Subsidiary Pillars:
  • Environment and Ecology: Studying potentially disastrous population explosion, changes in urban environment due to scale and density of a new urban concentration and new activities carried out, air pollution, water pollution and crowding, especially transport congestion which result therein.
  • Economy: Studying how people use scarce resources to produce and distribute commodities for consumption.

Major Causes of Traffic Congestion

• Physical Inadequacy: Lack of roads, narrow bridges, railroad crossings, traffic facilities, etc.
• Poor Control Measures: Ineffective mechanical control devices, inefficient traffic officers, and poor implementation of traffic laws, rules, and regulations.
• Human Errors: Slow drivers, poor driving habits, pedestrian mistakes, officer's error, poor planning, poor legislation; and traffic accidents mostly attributed to human errors.
• Poor Maintenance: Motor vehicles stalled, unrepaired diggings, cracks on road pavements, or unfinished road pavement concreting.

Specific Traffic Problems

• Traffic Build-Up: Characterized by the gradual increase of traffic users on a given portion of the highway or traffic way.
• Traffic Congestion: Conditions on road networks as use increases, characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queueing.
• Traffic Jam (Snarl-Up): Situations on highways where the movement of traffic users (MVs and pedestrians) is very slow or stationary.
• Bottleneck: Narrow points or areas in highways where traffic congestions or traffic jams usually occur, and traffic may be held up.
• Gridlock: A state or condition of severe road congestion, arising when continuous queues of vehicles block an entire network of intersecting streets. The bringing of traffic comes to a complete standstill in all directions.
• Accident: Events or incidents which may cause unintentional damage to property, loss of limbs, and or death.
• Collisions - Incidents or instances in which one moving traffic unit or person strikes violently against another, involving front, side, or rear impacts, while "head on collision" refers to when two vehicles made a frontal collision..

Agencies Involved in Traffic Management

• DOTr: Responsible for implementing R.A. 4136 through LTO, overseeing driver's licenses, motor vehicle registration, franchise approval, and safety seminars.
• City or Municipal Engineer's Office: Handle local planning, construction, and maintenance of traffic facilities.
• DPWH: Responsible for planning, construction, and maintenance of traffic facilities, especially national highways.
• Legislative (Congress/City or Municipal Board): Responsible for enacting and amending traffic laws, as well as planning and approving government projects.
• PNP: Responsible for direct enforcement of traffic laws, rules, and regulations through the Highway Patrol Group | TMG (HPG).
• Local Traffic Management Bureaus: Offices supervised by city/municipal mayors that assist local PNP traffic units in enforcing traffic ordinances/laws.
• Academic Institutions - Schools both public and private, are responsible for the basic traffic education.
• Academic Institutions: Public and private schools responsible for basic traffic education.
• Courts - The courts are responsible for the adjudication of traffic-related cases filed before them.
• Courts: Adjudicate traffic-related cases.
• Public Information Offices: Provide updated traffic information and safety campaigns to the public.
• Barangay: Brgy tanod or brgy security forces are the usual traffic control officers in their respective localities particularly during emergencies.
• Barangay, Private groups ot organization also help in the prevention of traffic congestion by assisting government offices in various activities particularly during special occassions and holidays where traffic problem is likely to happen
• Citizen Support Groups: Private organizations helping to prevent traffic congestion by assisting government offices during special occasions and holidays.
• Tri-Media: Government and privately-owned publications and radio and television broadcasting companies provide necessary and updated traffic-related information to the public through their repective programs.

Traffic Education

• Traffic Safety Education: Training road users in the avoidance and prevention of traffic related accidents with knowledge, practice is given.
• Road Safety: Reduced risk of accident or injury through multi-disciplinary approaches involving road engineering, traffic management, education, training, and vehicle design.

Tripod of Road Safety

• Man Component
• Engine Component
• Environment

Factors Contributing to Accidents

• Human Error
  • Going too fast or excessive speed; is a factor.
  • Failing to give way at junctions is another factor.
  • Following too closely and overtaking improperly are human errors.
  • Misperceiving or misjudging the road situation ahead is another human error.
  • Intoxication of alcohol or drug is a contributor.
  • Lack of skill can be a human error.
• Road Deficiencies:
  • Poor design of layout and control at junctions is a contributing factor.
  • Inadequate signing, road marking, and lighting all contribute towards deficiencies.
  • Slippery roads are dangerous deficiencies.
  • Obstructions on the road such as parked vehicles or road construction.
• Main Vehicle Factors:
  • Defects in tires, brakes, and lights.
  • Absence or non-using of seat belts.
  • Poorly maintained motor vehicles.

Biorhythm

• Man exhibits constant variation of life energy and mood states.
• Rhythm is peculiar characteristics/interpretations of most natural phenomena with some examples:
  • the diurnal exchange of light and darkness.
  • The four seasons.
  • Our wet and dry season
  • The waxing of the moon.
• 23 day cycle is also known as "cycle of our strength. endurance and courage (the male component of a person)
• 28 day cycle is also known as the cycle of our sensitivity, love and intuition (the female component of a person)
• 33 day intellectual cycle
• All these cycles cycle at the time of our birth. When the curve is above the center line, the biorhythm value is said to be high or that a person has more energy to spare.
• Physically High - we tend to be energetic, strong, full of vitality.
• Emotional High - we tend creative, artistic, cheerful and happy.
• Intellectual High - we are able to think quickly and logically.
• When the curve is below the center line, the biorhythm is said to be low and in a recharge period.
• Physically Low - we tend to tire quickly, and tend to succumb to illness easily.
• Emotionally Low - we feel moody, irritable or depressed.
• Intellectual Low - we find concentrating or remembering difficult or we are likely to use poor judgment when any of the curves crossed the center line.

Driver's Duties

• Every licensed operator of a motor vehicle, known as “Driver”.
• It is unlawful for any person to operate any motor vehicle without having in their possession a valid license to drive a motor vehicle.
• The license shall be carried by the driver when operating a motor vehicle and shall be shown and/or surrendered for cause and upon demand to any person with authority.

4 Basic Types of Instruction use in driver's education programs

• Comprehensive or real life methods
• Traditional instruction
• Commentary driving
• Simulated conditions and off the road training

Type of Driver

• EGOTIST They are self-centered and not learned how to be unselfish and have not learned how to share. Think world revolves around him.

Egotist Driving Attititude

• Pulling out of line to the confusion of others.
• Stopping or making turns without signaling.
• Making turns from improper traffic lanes.
• Cutting in too closely after passing.
• Not staying on his own side of the road or in his traffic lane.
• Boasting of breaking traffic laws.
• Acting as though accidents happen only to others.
• "Chiseling in," out of turn.
• Demanding the right-of-way.
• Using influence and "pull" for ticket fixing.
• Parking double, for his own convenience.
• Parking his car so that it occupies almost two parking spaces.
• Pulling out from the curb without signaling or looking for approaching cars.

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