History of the English Language

Old English (c. 450-1100): Germanic dialects brought by Anglo-Saxon settlers
Middle English (c. 1100-1500): Influence of Norman Conquest, Latin, and French
Early Modern English (c. 1500-1800): Renaissance, Renaissance Latin, and Greek
Modern English (c. 1800-present): Globalization, technology, and cultural exchange

Alphabetic script: 26 letters, with additional diacritical marks
Tonal language: No distinction between words based on pitch
Word order: Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) word order
Parts of speech: Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, and conjunctions
Tense and aspect: Present, past, and future tenses, with various aspects (e.g., progressive, perfect)

Received Pronunciation (RP): Standard British English accent
General American (GA): Standard American English accent
Australian English: Unique vocabulary, pronunciation, and spelling
Non-standard dialects: Regional and social varieties, such as African American Vernacular English (AAVE)

Formal and informal registers: Formal writing, informal spoken language
Idiomatic expressions: Phrasal verbs, idioms, and colloquialisms
Discourse markers: Words and phrases that facilitate conversation (e.g., "you know", "like")
Pragmatics: Language in context, considering speaker intention and audience

Borrowing: Adopting words from other languages (e.g., "sushi" from Japanese)
Neologisms: New words created to describe modern concepts (e.g., "selfie")
Semantic change: Shift in word meanings over time (e.g., "nice" originally meant "foolish")
Language contact: Influence of other languages on English vocabulary and grammar

Old English evolved from Germanic dialects brought by Anglo-Saxon settlers around 450-1100
Middle English was influenced by the Norman Conquest, Latin, and French from 1100-1500
Early Modern English developed from 1500-1800, shaped by the Renaissance, Latin, and Greek
Modern English emerged from 1800 onwards, characterized by globalization, technology, and cultural exchange

English uses an alphabetic script consisting of 26 letters, with additional diacritical marks
English is a non-tonal language, where pitch does not distinguish between words
English typically follows a Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) word order
English has nine parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, and interjections
English tense and aspect system includes present, past, and future tenses, with various aspects like progressive and perfect

Received Pronunciation (RP) is the standard British English accent
General American (GA) is the standard American English accent
Australian English has a unique vocabulary, pronunciation, and spelling
Non-standard dialects include regional and social varieties, such as African American Vernacular English (AAVE)

Formal and informal registers distinguish between formal writing and informal spoken language
Idiomatic expressions include phrasal verbs, idioms, and colloquialisms
Discourse markers like "you know" and "like" facilitate conversation
Pragmatics considers language in context, taking into account speaker intention and audience

Borrowing involves adopting words from other languages, such as "sushi" from Japanese
Neologisms are new words created to describe modern concepts, like "selfie"
Semantic change occurs when word meanings shift over time, as seen in "nice" originally meaning "foolish"
Language contact influences English vocabulary and grammar, as seen in the impact of other languages on English

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