Podcast
Questions and Answers
What motivated the British regarding railway construction in India?
What motivated the British regarding railway construction in India?
- Need for improved communication with other colonies
- Aim to exploit Indian raw materials
- Desire for a faster military transport system
- Shortage of construction personnel from England (correct)
Which factor contributed to American motivation in the Philippines?
Which factor contributed to American motivation in the Philippines?
- Promotion of American cultural dominance
- Development of a new economic policy
- Control of diseases to protect American colonizers (correct)
- Implementation of military training programs
What aspect of health contributed to the American motivation in the Philippines?
What aspect of health contributed to the American motivation in the Philippines?
- Increased military hospitals for soldiers
- Existence of a Department of Health (correct)
- Influence of British health policies
- Establishment of private clinics
How did the Americans influence public health systems in the Philippines?
How did the Americans influence public health systems in the Philippines?
What was a key factor in the British motivation for developing infrastructure in India?
What was a key factor in the British motivation for developing infrastructure in India?
What key concept suggests that advancements in technology drive changes in social values and norms?
What key concept suggests that advancements in technology drive changes in social values and norms?
Who is primarily associated with the development of the idea of technological determinism?
Who is primarily associated with the development of the idea of technological determinism?
What illustrates the interaction between technology and culture according to the base and superstructure model?
What illustrates the interaction between technology and culture according to the base and superstructure model?
In the base and superstructure model, what does the superstructure attempt to maintain?
In the base and superstructure model, what does the superstructure attempt to maintain?
What role does the spread of Western Science have on former colonies?
What role does the spread of Western Science have on former colonies?
How are advancements in tools/technology related to social order?
How are advancements in tools/technology related to social order?
What concept explains the continuous influence of societal structures on the development of new technologies?
What concept explains the continuous influence of societal structures on the development of new technologies?
Which philosopher's ideas contribute to the discussion of technological determinism?
Which philosopher's ideas contribute to the discussion of technological determinism?
How did differences in skill level related to hunting tools influence early human social structures?
How did differences in skill level related to hunting tools influence early human social structures?
What impact did food preservation techniques have on early society's food distribution?
What impact did food preservation techniques have on early society's food distribution?
What was a significant social consequence of the establishment of agriculture?
What was a significant social consequence of the establishment of agriculture?
How did advances in agriculture contribute to social stratification in early societies?
How did advances in agriculture contribute to social stratification in early societies?
The rise of city-states and larger empires during the Bronze Age was largely due to what?
The rise of city-states and larger empires during the Bronze Age was largely due to what?
What role did slavery play in large Iron Age empires like Rome?
What role did slavery play in large Iron Age empires like Rome?
How did the creation of laws in early societies influence social organization?
How did the creation of laws in early societies influence social organization?
What was the relationship between elite classes and social order in early societies?
What was the relationship between elite classes and social order in early societies?
What is meant by the term 'creative destruction' in the context of new tools shaping society?
What is meant by the term 'creative destruction' in the context of new tools shaping society?
Which country was NOT mentioned as undergoing changes from industrialization and advances in sciences?
Which country was NOT mentioned as undergoing changes from industrialization and advances in sciences?
What is the focus of the first phase in Basalla's framework of the spread of Western Science?
What is the focus of the first phase in Basalla's framework of the spread of Western Science?
In the context of India under British rule, what was a significant development during the second phase?
In the context of India under British rule, what was a significant development during the second phase?
How did the public health system in the Philippines differ from India's railway development?
How did the public health system in the Philippines differ from India's railway development?
What does the concept of creative destruction primarily emphasize?
What does the concept of creative destruction primarily emphasize?
What question is raised concerning the presence of colonizers' influence on former colonies regarding Western Science?
What question is raised concerning the presence of colonizers' influence on former colonies regarding Western Science?
Which of the following diseases was researched by American scientists during the establishment of the public health system in the Philippines?
Which of the following diseases was researched by American scientists during the establishment of the public health system in the Philippines?
How did the Luddites respond to the introduction of new textile machines?
How did the Luddites respond to the introduction of new textile machines?
What was one main outcome of the second phase regarding colonies' relationship with colonizers?
What was one main outcome of the second phase regarding colonies' relationship with colonizers?
What societal issue emerged as a result of changes in modes of production?
What societal issue emerged as a result of changes in modes of production?
What was one impact of the introduction of cars compared to horses?
What was one impact of the introduction of cars compared to horses?
Which of the following is an example of creative destruction?
Which of the following is an example of creative destruction?
In which period did the Luddites predominantly operate?
In which period did the Luddites predominantly operate?
What is a potential effect of online learning on traditional education systems?
What is a potential effect of online learning on traditional education systems?
What structural change is associated with modern business compared to traditional business?
What structural change is associated with modern business compared to traditional business?
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Study Notes
Overview of Science, Technology, and Culture
- Development of science can be viewed through various lenses emphasizing its interaction with culture.
- Key concepts include technological determinism and creative destruction.
- The role of institutions in knowledge development is crucial for scientific advancement.
Technological Determinism
- Technological determinism posits that technology drives changes in social values and norms.
- Influenced by philosophers like Thomas Veblen and Karl Marx, focusing on the interaction between means of production (technology) and superstructure (culture and society).
- New technologies can reshape social structures, impacting class systems and societal roles.
Impact of Tools on Social Structures
- Skill in hunting tools influenced social roles, possibly elevating skilled hunters to leadership positions.
- Development of food preservation techniques (like pots and discovering fire) affected food distribution and ownership concepts in early societies.
- Agriculture's establishment increased food security and led to new societal roles, contributing to the rise of early city-states and larger empires.
Bronze Age to Iron Age Developments
- Agricultural advances fostered social stratification and the emergence of administrative classes.
- New political systems and laws evolved to manage populations and stabilize food production.
- Professional classes, such as soldiers and politicians, emerged to maintain the existing modes of production.
Professionalization and Education
- Rise in standardized work necessitated certification from institutions for specific tasks (e.g., teaching, medicine).
- Industries demanded formal education systems to address labor-related issues and worker rights.
Creative Destruction
- Concept introduced by economist Joseph Schumpeter, suggesting innovation requires the destruction of existing structures.
- Historical examples include Luddites rebelling against machinery, leading to job losses in textile production.
- Innovation examples: cars replacing horses, kerosene replacing whale oil, and email replacing traditional postal services.
Spread of Western Science
- Industrialization in Western countries influenced the spread of Western science through colonization and trade.
- George Basalla identified three phases in the spread of Western science to colonies:
- Colonies as sources of scientific knowledge.
- Dependence on colonizers for scientific training.
- Development of independent scientific traditions in former colonies.
Comparative Case Studies: India and the Philippines
- In India, the British utilized local knowledge for crops and trained engineers for railway development; later established universities.
- In the Philippines, American colonizers focused on public health systems, training personnel to control diseases, leading to a notable healthcare infrastructure.
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