History of Psychology: Session 2 - Pre-Psychology
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Questions and Answers

What does the Chariot Allegory symbolize in Plato's view of the soul?

  • The journey of the human experience
  • The struggle between intellect and passion (correct)
  • The duality of body and spirit
  • The importance of physical health

What critique did Noam Chomsky present regarding B.F. Skinner's ideas on language acquisition?

  • Language is primarily learned through imitation.
  • Language acquisition cannot be fully explained by experience. (correct)
  • Children have enough exposure to linguistic data.
  • Environmental factors are the sole influencers of language learning.

In the Chariot Allegory, what do the two horses represent?

  • The struggle between reason and ignorance
  • Noble character and base instincts
  • The intellect and the physical body
  • Rational thoughts and emotional responses (correct)

What aspect of Plato's philosophy is reflected in the statement that 'only the intellect, not the body, is immortal'?

<p>The separation of mind and matter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Chomsky's argument relate to Plato's problem regarding language acquisition?

<p>Both imply that some knowledge is inherent and not solely learned. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Aristippus associate with well-being?

<p>Pleasure and happiness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Aristotle, which factor is crucial for achieving happiness?

<p>Living in accordance with virtue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does eudaimonism suggest about well-being?

<p>It focuses on realizing one's true nature. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement aligns with Aristotle's view of happiness over time?

<p>Happiness must be consistent throughout life. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do modern theories relate to Aristotelian and Aristippian thought?

<p>They combine aspects of both hedonism and eudaimonism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What philosophical institution did Plato establish in 385 BC?

<p>The Academy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Plato's Theory of Forms primarily assert about reality?

<p>Reality is fundamentally mental or mentally constructed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Plato's dualist view, what are the two elements that are separated?

<p>Body and soul (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'anamnesis' in Plato's philosophy refer to?

<p>The process of recalling innate knowledge through inquiry. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Plato's Meno, how does Socrates demonstrate the idea of innate knowledge?

<p>By having the slave draw geometric figures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What incorrect guess does the slave make about the side length of a square to double its area?

<p>It must be doubled in length. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What philosophical view asserts that the soul possesses a priori knowledge?

<p>Nativism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method does Socrates primarily use to lead the slave to the correct understanding in Meno?

<p>Socratic questioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Aristotle compare the relationship between soul and body to?

<p>The comparison of wax and its shape (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which faculty is responsible for movement according to Aristotle's tripartite view of the soul?

<p>Kinetikon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Modern theories of intellectual and personality functions suggest the existence of what kind of factors?

<p>Latent factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, which concept is NOT associated with Aristotle's intellectual faculty?

<p>Social understanding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of modern psychological theories mentioned in the content?

<p>Latent psychological constructs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What astronomical phenomenon did the book verify to support the heliocentric view?

<p>Phases of Venus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the book claim is necessary to understand the Universe?

<p>The language of mathematics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system did Tycho Brahe propose that combined different models?

<p>The hybrid system of Copernican and Ptolemaic models (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which celestial bodies were mentioned as orbiting the Sun in Brahe's system?

<p>Mercury and Venus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What false theory related to tides was discovered in the explorations discussed in the book?

<p>A theory of tides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the characters of the language of the Universe described?

<p>As geometrical figures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What central idea does the book convey about understanding astronomical phenomena?

<p>Mathematical interpretation is essential. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of sunspots does the book suggest was utilized to support a specific astronomical theory?

<p>Support for the heliocentric model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Francis Bacon's 'Novum Organum Scientarium'?

<p>Popularizing the scientific method. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Bacon recommend generalizing findings in his scientific method?

<p>By building a case based on accumulating data. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following steps is NOT part of Bacon's method for explaining a phenomenon?

<p>Conducting experiments in controlled environments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal of Bacon's inductive reasoning process?

<p>To identify correlations between factors related to a phenomenon. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Bacon's method, what is the function of ranking lists of occurrences?

<p>To deduce factors associated with the occurrence of a phenomenon. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

connect the correct: Aristotles 4 Causes

<p>final = what is it for? material = what is it made of? formal = what is it to be? efficient = what produces it?</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Theorys/Views are based on the grundwork of Plato?

<p>Dualist Views (A), Idealism (B), Nativist Views (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Monism says body and soul are dependant on each other and the body is the souls groundwork

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statements are true for Francis Bacon?

<p>he helped to popularise methodologys like the inductive method (A), his approach could be seen as a synthesis of experience and reason (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

which statements are true about Descartes

<p>Descartes was a Rationalist (D), he located the soul in the the pineal gland (A), he had a dualist view suggesting f.i. the body as machine (B), his belief was that the soul hast some innate understanding of certain concepts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

which thesis is/are part of the Rationalistic view

<p>innate knowledge thesis (A), intuition/deduction thesis (B), indispensability of reason thesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

connect the correct: Rationalism Thesis

<p>/intuition/Deduction thesis = asserts that key truths about reality are discovered through reasoning and intuition, independent of sensory experience. innate knowledge thesis = the knowledge of a particular S is part of our rational nature. Innate concept thesis = some concepts we employ in a S are part of our rational nature Indispensability of reason thesis = experience cannot provide what we gain from reason</p> Signup and view all the answers

the superiority of Reason Thesis is a Rationalisms Thesis

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

whats wrong concering John Locke

<p>he maintained that we are born with innate ideas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statements are True about David Hume?

<p>his contribution on associationism is still studied today (A), he argued against the existence of innate ideas (B), he argued that inductive reasoning cannot be justified rationally and logically (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Poverty of the Stimulus

The idea that children aren't exposed to enough linguistic data to learn all aspects of language solely through experience.

Plato's Problem

The question of how humans acquire knowledge, particularly language, if the information available is insufficient.

Chomsky's Critique

Noam Chomsky argued that language is not just learned through experience, but partly innate.

Chariot Allegory

Plato's metaphor for the soul, with a charioteer representing reason, a noble horse representing spirit, and an ignoble horse representing appetites.

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Intellect (Reason)

In Plato's Chariot Allegory, reason is the charioteer, guiding the soul towards truth and knowledge.

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Aristotle's Tripartite Soul

Aristotle's theory suggests the soul has three parts: vegetative, animal, and intellectual, which are distinguished by their functions.

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Vegetative Soul

The part of the soul responsible for basic life functions like growth and nutrition.

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Animal Soul

The part of the soul responsible for desires, perceptions, and movement.

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Intellectual Soul

The part of the soul responsible for reason and thought.

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Latent Factors in Psychology

Modern psychology posits that psychological functions (intelligence, personality) are driven by underlying, unobservable factors.

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Hedonism

The view that well-being consists of pleasure or happiness.

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Eudaimonia

The view that well-being consists of fulfilling or realizing one's true nature.

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Aristotle's view on well-being

Aristotle believes that well-being is achieved by living in accordance with virtue and having sufficient external goods throughout a complete life.

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Controlling pleasures

Aristotle suggests that true well-being involves not abstaining from pleasures but controlling them without being controlled by them.

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Daimon

It refers to one's true nature or potential. In the context of eudaimonia, it means fulfilling that potential and living a life aligned with it.

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Plato's Academy

A school of philosophy founded by Plato in Athens in 385 BC, where he taught his ideas and theories.

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Idealism

The belief that reality is fundamentally mental or mentally constructed, and that our senses may not always reflect true reality.

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Theory of Forms

Plato's idea that there exist perfect, unchanging forms that represent the true essence of things in the physical world.

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Analogy of the Cave

Plato's metaphor for how our senses can deceive us, comparing our everyday experience to prisoners trapped in a cave, only seeing shadows of the true world.

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Dualism

The separation of mind (soul) and body, viewing them as distinct and independent entities.

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Nativism

The belief that certain knowledge is innate and present at birth, not learned through experience.

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Meno's Paradox

The question of whether virtue is acquired through teaching, practice, nature, or some other way.

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Anamnesis

Plato's theory that learning is not acquiring new knowledge, but recalling knowledge that the soul already possesses from past lives.

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Inductive Method

A scientific approach where observations and data are used to form general conclusions. This involves starting with specific instances and drawing broader generalizations based on patterns.

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Francis Bacon's 'Novum Organum Scientarium'

A book published in 1645 that promoted the use of the inductive method in science. It helped establish and popularize this approach to scientific inquiry.

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Generalization in Science

The process of forming a broad conclusion from specific observations or data. It involves identifying patterns and applying those patterns to a wider range of situations.

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Steps in the Inductive Method

  1. Collect data about a phenomenon. 2. Categorize data based on the presence or absence of the phenomenon. 3. Rank categories based on the degree of the phenomenon's occurrence. 4. Analyze factors that correlate with the phenomenon's presence or absence.
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Bacon's Approach to Data Analysis

Bacon suggested analyzing data by identifying factors present in cases where a phenomenon occurs and absent in cases where it doesn't. This helps determine potential causes for the phenomenon.

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What is the 'grand book'?

The 'grand book' refers to the Universe, a vast and complex system that contains everything we know and observe.

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What does it mean to 'learn the language' of the universe?

To understand the universe, we need to grasp the principles of mathematics and how they apply to astronomical phenomena.

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What are the 'characters' in the 'language' of the universe?

The 'characters' are the shapes and patterns used in mathematics to represent celestial bodies and their movements, like triangles and circles.

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What did Galileo discover using his telescope?

Galileo used his telescope to observe and verify the phases of Venus, further supporting the heliocentric model.

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What are sunspots?

Sunspots are cooler, darker areas on the surface of the Sun, observed by Galileo.

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What did Galileo's observations of sunspots suggest?

Galileo's observations of sunspots helped him support the heliocentric view, as they indicated that the Sun is not unchanging and may have activity on its surface.

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What is the heliocentric model?

The heliocentric model places the Sun at the center of the solar system, with the Earth and other planets orbiting around it.

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What is Tycho Brahe's model?

Tycho Brahe's model is a hybrid system, combining the Copernican (heliocentric) and Ptolemaic (geocentric) models, where Mercury and Venus orbit the Sun, but the Sun orbits a stationary Earth.

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Study Notes

History of Psychology: Session 2 - Pre-Psychology

  • Psychology's roots trace back to classical antiquity, forming part of philosophical inquiry
  • Key questions in philosophy, including the nature of knowledge, the soul, ethics, and morality, were influential in the early development of psychological thought.
  • The scientific revolution in the Renaissance and Enlightenment eras marked a shift in how we understand the world and human behavior
  • Rationalism and empiricism emerged as differing viewpoints regarding the origin and nature of knowledge, impacting the way we conceptualise human nature.
  • Early thinkers like Plato and Aristotle laid groundwork through their ideas about the soul (psyche) and knowledge.
  • Plato's theory of forms suggests that knowledge is innate and accessible via recollection; his allegory of the cave illustrates that sensory experience can be misleading - an incomplete view.
  • Aristotle's emphasis on observation and empirical study formed the basis for many later scientific approaches; he introduced the concept of different causes (material, formal, efficient, and final) to understanding phenomena; He was a monist, believing that the body and the soul are interdependent rather than separate entities, as postulated by Plato's dualism.
  • Galileo Galilei, a key figure in the scientific revolution, challenged established dogma and demonstrated that observation and experimentation could yield new understanding in the physical world, impacting psychology's development.
  • Francis Bacon's inductive method (accumulating data to build a case) was pivotal in the maturation of scientific methods.
  • Philosophers like Descartes further explored the nature of the mind, body, and their interaction within the context of rationalism. Descartes believed innate knowledge exists, and proposed the pineal gland as the site of mind-body interaction.
  • Philosophers like John Locke and David Hume challenged the notion of innate ideas; Empiricists who emphasised experience and observation as the foundation of knowledge.

Key Figures in Pre-Psychology

  • Plato: influenced idealism and nativism
  • Aristotle: explored empiricism and different causes
  • Galileo Galilei: demonstrated the use of observation and experimentation
  • Francis Bacon: championed the inductive method
  • René Descartes: investigated interactions between mind and body, and contributed to dualism and nativism
  • John Locke: emphasised the role of experience in knowledge acquisition, associated with empiricism
  • David Hume: argued against innate ideas
  • Immanuel Kant: a link between rationalism and empiricism

Additional Concepts

  • The term “psychology” emerged over time; evolving from philosophical topics into a field of dedicated study.
  • Different perspectives concerning the nature of the human mind influenced how psychology was understood; the heated debates around nature and nurture still resonate in contemporary psychology.
  • The rise of universities and the institutionalization of inquiry into the structure and function of the mind further shaped the evolution of psychology.

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History of Psychology - Session 2: Pre-Psychology PDF

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Explore the foundational ideas that shaped psychology from ancient philosophy. This quiz delves into the contributions of early thinkers like Plato and Aristotle, as well as the impact of the Renaissance and Enlightenment on the scientific understanding of human behavior. Test your knowledge on how philosophical inquiries influenced the evolution of psychological thought.

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