History of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Nursing

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Questions and Answers

What was the early belief regarding mental illness according to the text?

It was believed to be caused by physical trauma.

It was considered to be a genetic disorder.

It was thought to be caused by a lack of education.

It was associated with the influence of evil spirits or supernatural powers. (correct)

It was believed to be due to a chemical imbalance in the brain.

What is the primary focus of psychiatric nursing as described in the text?

Promoting healthy lifestyle choices

Diagnosing and treating physical illnesses

Conducting research on mental health disorders

Providing care and rehabilitation for mentally ill individuals (correct)

How were mentally ill individuals treated in the past according to the text?

With kindness and understanding

Through medical surgeries

By providing therapy sessions

By being beaten, starved, or tortured to 'purge' evil spirits (correct)

By using herbal remedies

What is the aim of psychiatric nursing as stated in the text?

Promoting mental health and preventing mental illness Signup and view all the answers

Which organization published a definition of psychiatric nursing in 1994 according to the text?

American Nurses Association Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of nursing in the 1960s?

Primary prevention and community-based care Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Community Mental Health Centers Act passed by the US Congress in 1963?

It expanded community-based mental health services and reimbursement Signup and view all the answers

What was the main driver behind the deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill in the 1950s and 1960s?

Demographic shifts and industrialization leading to urban population growth Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary outcome of the deinstitutionalization movement in the 1950s and 1960s?

The 'revolving door' syndrome of repeated hospitalizations Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Alma-Ata declaration of 'Health for all by 2000 AD' for Indian mental health professionals?

It challenged Indian mental health professionals to improve access to mental health services Signup and view all the answers

What were some of the key scientific advances in psychiatry in the 1980s?

Advances in brain imaging and understanding of neurotransmitters Signup and view all the answers

Which year was the first institution for the care of the mentally ill in Nigeria established?

1903 Signup and view all the answers

What was the initial number of patients/inmates that received mental health services at the Yaba Asylum?

14 Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary form of treatment used for the inmates at the Yaba Asylum?

Bromide administrations Signup and view all the answers

Which asylum in Nigeria attracted global attention?

Lantoro Asylum Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first mental health nurse in charge of the Lantoro Asylum?

Oliver Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the establishment of the first asylum in Nigeria?

To keep psychiatric patients away from society Signup and view all the answers

When did degree courses in psychiatric nursing begin in the USA?

After 1920 Signup and view all the answers

Which physician proposed the theory of a 'biological antagonism' between epilepsy and schizophrenia?

Ladislas von Meduna Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Mental Treatment Act passed in 1930 in the UK?

To allow mentally ill people to sign themselves into hospital as 'voluntary' patients Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary issue with Manfred Sakel's diabetic coma treatment?

It lacked a rational theory and didn't work Signup and view all the answers

In what year was insulin shock treatment introduced for Schizophrenia?

1927 Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of psychiatric nurses prior to 1860?

Disciplining patients and providing custodial care Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following new psychiatric therapies were introduced between 1935 and 1937?

Insulin shock therapy, psychosurgery, and electro-convulsive therapy Signup and view all the answers

How did World War II impact the advancement of psychiatric nursing and the nursing profession as a whole?

It provided a golden opportunity for the advancement of both psychiatric nursing and the nursing profession. Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the National Mental Health Act in 1946?

It stimulated the establishment of graduate programs in psychiatric nursing. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of schools offered a basic experience in the nursing of psychiatric patients?

54% Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Definition of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Nursing

Psychiatry is a branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental illness.
Psychiatric Nursing is a specialized area of nursing practice that employs theories of human behavior and the purposeful use of self as an art in the diagnosis and response to actual or potential mental health problems.

Historical Overview of Mental Illness Beliefs

Early beliefs centered on mental illness in terms of evil spirits or supernatural or magical powers that entered the body.
The mentally ill were beaten, starved, and otherwise tortured to “purge” the body of these “evil spirits.”
Some correlated mental illness with witchcraft, and mentally ill individuals were burned at the stake.

Historical Development of Psychiatric Nursing

1960: The focus began to shift to primary prevention and implementing care and consultation in the community; the first worldwide mental health year was celebrated.
1961: Psychiatric nursing was included in the basic nursing curriculum by the International Council of Nurses.
1963: The Community Mental Health Act was passed in the United States, proposing the deinstitutionalization of mentally ill persons.
1963: The Community Mental Health Centers Act was passed by Congress, based on the English principle that society had a corporate responsibility to the poor and dependent.
1970s: The name psychiatric nursing changed to mental health nursing, also known as psychosocial nursing.

Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally Ill

1950s-1960s: The deinstitutionalization movement occurred, resulting in the closure of state mental hospitals and the discharge of mentally ill individuals to the community for ongoing care.
1955: 500,000 people lived in state mental hospitals.
1978: The Alma-Ata declaration of ‘Health for all by 2000 AD’ posed a major challenge to Indian mental health professionals.

Historical Development of Mental Health Services in Nigeria

1903: The first institution for the care of the mentally ill in Nigeria was established in Calabar, Cross-River state.
1907: The second asylum, Yaba Asylum, was established.
1944: The asylum in Lantoro, Abeokuta was established.
1949: Oliver, an Englishman, was the first mental health nurse in charge of Lantoro asylum.

Historical Development of Psychiatric Treatment

1928: Manfred Sakel, a Viennese physician, introduced insulin shock treatment for schizophrenia.
1930: The Mental Treatment Act was passed, allowing mentally ill people to sign themselves into hospital as ‘voluntary’ patients.
1935: Insulin shock therapy was introduced as a treatment approach for psychiatric patients.
1936: Psychosurgery was introduced as a treatment approach for psychiatric patients.
1937: Electro-convulsive therapy was introduced as a treatment approach for psychiatric patients.

Historical Role of Psychiatric Nurses

After 1860: Psychiatric nurses performed the 'mother role' activities, disciplining patients and providing custodial companionship care.
During World War II: Psychiatric nurses attended to the physical and psychological needs of soldiers.
1946: The National Mental Health Act became a law in America, providing government funds for the preparation of psychiatric professionals in the four major disciplines: Psychiatry, Psychology, Social Work, and Nursing.
1946: Graduate programs in psychiatric nursing were established.

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Description

Explore the evolution and significance of psychiatry as a medical discipline, along with the specialized field of psychiatric nursing. Learn about the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental illnesses through the lens of medical and nursing practices.