Questions and Answers
Город Полоцк был основан в IX веке.
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В каком году был основан город Минск?
В каком веке началось образование славянских племен на территории Беларуси?
Какое событие произошло в 1569 году касательно Великого княжества Литовского?
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Что произошло с Беларусь в 1772, 1793 и 1795 годах?
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В каком году Беларусь провозгласила свою независимость после распада СССР?
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Какой режим укрепился после начала президентства Александра Лукашенко в 1994 году?
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Study Notes
Ancient Civilizations
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Mesopotamia:
- Developed between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, known as the "cradle of civilizations."
- Introduced writing (cuneiform) and established early city-states like Uruk and Ur.
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Ancient Egypt:
- Located along the Nile River, famous for its pyramids and the Sphinx.
- Featured advanced religion and writing system (hieroglyphics).
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Indus Civilization:
- Centered in the Indus River valley, notable for cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had planned layouts.
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Ancient China:
- Marked by various dynasties (Shang, Zhou, Han) and the development of philosophies like Confucianism and Daoism.
Middle Ages
- Period: Spanning from the 4th to the 15th century.
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Feudalism:
- A socio-economic system based on land relations, with a class hierarchy of kings, nobles, and peasants.
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Church:
- The Catholic Church emerged as the principal authority in Europe, with events such as the Inquisition and crusades.
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Islam:
- Originated in the 7th century and spread through conquests and trade.
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Culture:
- Development of Gothic architecture (cathedrals) and renewed interest in ancient knowledge during the late Middle Ages.
Modern History
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Renaissance (14th - 17th centuries):
- A revival of interest in art and science of antiquity, with prominent figures like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo.
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Reformation:
- A religious movement initiated by Martin Luther, leading to the split of Christianity into Catholicism and Protestantism.
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Enlightenment (17th - 18th centuries):
- Emphasized reason, science, and individualism, influencing political revolutions such as the American and French revolutions.
World Wars
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World War I (1914 - 1918):
- Triggered by militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism.
- Major participants included the Allies (Britain, France, Russia) against the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary).
- Resulted in significant economic and political changes, culminating in the Treaty of Versailles.
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World War II (1939 - 1945):
- Causes included aggression from Axis powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) and unresolved issues from WWI.
- Notable events included the Battle of Britain, the invasion of the Soviet Union, and the D-Day landings in Normandy.
- Outcomes included the formation of the United Nations, the onset of the Cold War, and the division of Europe.
Ancient History
- First settlements in Belarus appeared during the Neolithic era, around 10,000 years ago.
- By the 4th to 5th centuries, Slavic tribes such as Polans, Dregovichs, and Radimichs formed in the region.
Middle Ages
- Between the 11th and 13th centuries, parts of Belarus became part of Kyivan Rus.
- The 13th century saw the establishment of Polotsky and Turov principalities.
- The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) was formed in 1263, playing a significant role in regional politics.
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
- From the 13th to the 16th centuries, GDL was a powerful state uniting Belarusian, Lithuanian, and Ukrainian territories.
- In 1569, the GDL united with Poland, creating the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth through the Union of Lublin.
17th-18th Centuries
- A period marked by struggles for independence and internal conflicts.
- Belarus was partitioned among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795, corresponding to the first three partitions of Poland.
19th Century
- Belarus became part of the Russian Empire, which led to challenges regarding national consciousness and cultural resurgence.
20th Century
- During World War I (1914-1918), Belarus became a battleground, resulting in significant economic hardships.
- The October Revolution in 1917 led to a brief period of independence (1918-1920) marked by the Belarusian People's Republic.
- In 1922, Belarus joined the Soviet Union.
World War II
- From 1941 to 1944, Belarus was occupied by Nazi Germany, resulting in massive destruction and loss of life.
- The region was liberated in 1944, but economic and infrastructure recovery was prolonged and challenging.
Modern History
- Belarus declared independence in 1991 following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
- Alexander Lukashenko began his presidency in 1994, consolidating an authoritarian regime.
- Recent years have experienced economic and political challenges, including international relations and protest movements.
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Закрепим историю городов