Города Беларуси

Ancient Civilizations

• Mesopotamia:
  • Developed between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, known as the "cradle of civilizations."
  • Introduced writing (cuneiform) and established early city-states like Uruk and Ur.
• Ancient Egypt:
  • Located along the Nile River, famous for its pyramids and the Sphinx.
  • Featured advanced religion and writing system (hieroglyphics).
• Indus Civilization:
  • Centered in the Indus River valley, notable for cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had planned layouts.
• Ancient China:
  • Marked by various dynasties (Shang, Zhou, Han) and the development of philosophies like Confucianism and Daoism.

Middle Ages

• Period: Spanning from the 4th to the 15th century.
• Feudalism:
  • A socio-economic system based on land relations, with a class hierarchy of kings, nobles, and peasants.
• Church:
  • The Catholic Church emerged as the principal authority in Europe, with events such as the Inquisition and crusades.
• Islam:
  • Originated in the 7th century and spread through conquests and trade.
• Culture:
  • Development of Gothic architecture (cathedrals) and renewed interest in ancient knowledge during the late Middle Ages.

Modern History

• Renaissance (14th - 17th centuries):
  • A revival of interest in art and science of antiquity, with prominent figures like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo.
• Reformation:
  • A religious movement initiated by Martin Luther, leading to the split of Christianity into Catholicism and Protestantism.
• Enlightenment (17th - 18th centuries):
  • Emphasized reason, science, and individualism, influencing political revolutions such as the American and French revolutions.

World Wars

• World War I (1914 - 1918):
  • Triggered by militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism.
  • Major participants included the Allies (Britain, France, Russia) against the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary).
  • Resulted in significant economic and political changes, culminating in the Treaty of Versailles.
• World War II (1939 - 1945):
  • Causes included aggression from Axis powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) and unresolved issues from WWI.
  • Notable events included the Battle of Britain, the invasion of the Soviet Union, and the D-Day landings in Normandy.
  • Outcomes included the formation of the United Nations, the onset of the Cold War, and the division of Europe.

Ancient History

• First settlements in Belarus appeared during the Neolithic era, around 10,000 years ago.
• By the 4th to 5th centuries, Slavic tribes such as Polans, Dregovichs, and Radimichs formed in the region.

Middle Ages

• Between the 11th and 13th centuries, parts of Belarus became part of Kyivan Rus.
• The 13th century saw the establishment of Polotsky and Turov principalities.
• The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) was formed in 1263, playing a significant role in regional politics.

Grand Duchy of Lithuania

• From the 13th to the 16th centuries, GDL was a powerful state uniting Belarusian, Lithuanian, and Ukrainian territories.
• In 1569, the GDL united with Poland, creating the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth through the Union of Lublin.

17th-18th Centuries

• A period marked by struggles for independence and internal conflicts.
• Belarus was partitioned among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795, corresponding to the first three partitions of Poland.

19th Century

• Belarus became part of the Russian Empire, which led to challenges regarding national consciousness and cultural resurgence.

20th Century

• During World War I (1914-1918), Belarus became a battleground, resulting in significant economic hardships.
• The October Revolution in 1917 led to a brief period of independence (1918-1920) marked by the Belarusian People's Republic.
• In 1922, Belarus joined the Soviet Union.

World War II

• From 1941 to 1944, Belarus was occupied by Nazi Germany, resulting in massive destruction and loss of life.
• The region was liberated in 1944, but economic and infrastructure recovery was prolonged and challenging.

Modern History

• Belarus declared independence in 1991 following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
• Alexander Lukashenko began his presidency in 1994, consolidating an authoritarian regime.
• Recent years have experienced economic and political challenges, including international relations and protest movements.

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