History of Philippine Government: Colonial Era

Questions and Answers

What was the primary focus of President Ramon Magsaysay's administration?

Support and upliftment of the rural masses (correct)

Strengthening the military

Establishing international alliances

Economic development of urban areas

What legacy did President Carlos P. Garcia refer to in his inaugural address?

The legacy of the Magsaysay administration (correct)

The legacy of economic prosperity

The legacy of colonial rule

The legacy of martial law

During which period did Diosdado Macapagal emphasize the responsibilities of a new era in his administration?

The beginning of the Cold War

The era of independence

After World War II

During the post-war period (correct)

What central theme did Ferdinand E. Marcos highlight in his inaugural address?

Revival of the nation's greatness Signup and view all the answers

What governance framework did the Philippines adopt after gaining independence in 1946?

A semi-autonomous presidential system Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant change introduced by Spain during the colonial period in the Philippines?

Christianization of the local population Signup and view all the answers

What system characterized the governance structure during the Spanish colonial period?

Barangay system Signup and view all the answers

Which event marked the formal acquisition of the Philippines by the United States?

Treaty of Paris Signup and view all the answers

What law was enacted to suppress organized resistance to U.S. authority in the Philippines?

Anti-Sedition Law Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the major economic changes during the Spanish period?

Implementation of the Encomienda system Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributed to the high number of Filipino civilian deaths during the American period?

Famine and disease Signup and view all the answers

Which social force played a significant role during both colonial periods in the Philippines?

The Catholic Church Signup and view all the answers

Who was the Filipino nationalist who proclaimed independence in 1899?

Emilio Aguinaldo Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the Anti-Brigandage Law in the Philippines?

To maintain American control over the Philippines Signup and view all the answers

Which act promised Philippine independence after 12 years?

Tydings-McDuffie Act Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines?

Manuel L. Quezon Signup and view all the answers

What was the key outcome of the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act?

Establishment of military bases for the United States Signup and view all the answers

During which event were 76,000 prisoners forced to march in the Philippines?

Bataan Death March Signup and view all the answers

What significant language decision was made by the Philippine government in 1937?

Designation of Tagalog as the national language Signup and view all the answers

Which event marked the Japanese occupation of the Philippines?

Japanese invasion on December 8, 1941 Signup and view all the answers

What major economic right was granted to women in the Commonwealth of the Philippines?

Right to vote Signup and view all the answers

What does Article X establish in the Constitution?

A general auditing office Signup and view all the answers

What political controversy surrounded Manuel Roxas after the war?

Allegations of collaboration during the war Signup and view all the answers

What is the term length for members of the Commission on Elections?

9 years Signup and view all the answers

Under what condition can members of the Commission on Elections be removed?

Through the impeachment process Signup and view all the answers

What does Article XII deal with in relation to natural resources?

Ownership and utilization by citizens Signup and view all the answers

What issue limited the Commonwealth authorities' ability to act during economic reconstruction?

Control by American military authorities Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the 1946 election in the Philippines?

Solidified elite control with Roxas as president Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant political problem faced by President Osmena?

Lack of US support Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the responsibilities of the President regarding executive departments?

Overseeing all executive departments Signup and view all the answers

What is required for the President to make treaties?

Senate approval Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Commission on Appointments play in the government?

Selects department heads Signup and view all the answers

How is the Senate composed according to the provided content?

24 members elected at large for six-year terms Signup and view all the answers

What is one limitation on financial legislation mentioned?

Uniformity in taxes Signup and view all the answers

What unique requirement is needed to invalidate a treaty or law by the Supreme Court?

Two-thirds concurrence of the full Court Signup and view all the answers

What power does the President NOT have over local governments?

Appointing local judges Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of members in the Commission on Appointments?

24 members Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pre-Hispanic and Colonial Era

The Philippines had a barangay system as its primary social structure before colonization.
The Spanish colonial government (1521-1898) led to significant social and political changes.
Religion was predominantly influenced by Catholicism introduced by the Spanish.
Social classes included the Datu (chiefs), freemen, and dependents or slaves.

Colonial Governance System

Encomienda System allowed Spanish settlers to collect tribute from locals.
The Governor-General acted as the representative of the Spanish crown.
Local governance was divided into municipal and provincial structures.
The Catholic Church played a central role in governance and social services.

Significant Changes Introduced by Spain

Christianization significantly altered indigenous belief systems.
Modern education was established, with Spanish as the medium before the introduction of English.
Economic changes included the introduction of cash crops and a tribute system.

Abuses, Corruption, and Discrimination

Forced labor was common, with exploitative practices prevalent.
Tribute and taxation were burdensome for the local population.
Corruption among Spanish officials led to widespread discontent.
Filipinos faced discrimination in employment and social positions.
Resistance movements and revolts against colonial rule arose, notably the Filipino Revolution.

American Period

The Philippines was ceded to the United States via the Treaty of Paris (December 10, 1898).
Emilio Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence on January 5, 1899.
Around 125,000 U.S. troops were deployed during the Philippine-American War; heavy civilian casualties occurred.
The U.S. military established concentration camps leading to significant Filipino deaths.

Establishment of Civil Government

The U.S. Army Appropriation Act passed on March 3, 1901, initiated governance reforms.
A public school system was established, with English as the medium of instruction.
Anti-Sedition and Anti-Brigandage laws were implemented to suppress dissent.

Commonwealth Era

The Commonwealth of the Philippines was formally established on November 15, 1935.
The Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act promised independence in 10 years but retained U.S. military bases.
Manuel L. Quezon became the first president, emphasizing national identity and governance.
Tagalog was designated as the national language in 1937, promoting cultural unity.

Japanese Period

The Philippines was occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945, after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Significant military engagements included the Battle of Bataan and the fall of Corregidor.
The Bataan Death March forced 76,000 POWs to march 66 miles under harsh conditions.

Post War Period

Independence was achieved on July 4, 1946, with a government structure based on the 1935 Constitution.
The Philippine government operates as a presidential system with elected officials.
The President oversees executive departments and enforces laws, with significant legislative influence.

Modifications to the American System

The Commission on Appointments plays a crucial role in confirming high-ranking officials.
The legislature evolved from unicameral to bicameral, introducing a Senate and House of Representatives.
Financial legislation must adhere to strict exemptions and limitations.

Deviations from the American System

The Supreme Court has unique powers, requiring a two-thirds agreement for invalidating laws.
A general auditing office and merit system for civil service were established to improve accountability.
Natural resources are state-owned, requiring strict regulations for exploitation.

Political Problems after Independence

Collaborator Manuel Roxas became controversial in regaining leadership post-war.
Economic reconstruction relied on U.S. aid and intervention; local governance faced challenges.
Loyalties were divided between figures like General MacArthur and President Osmena, affecting political dynamics.

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Description

Explore the evolution of the Philippine government from the Pre-Hispanic period through Spanish colonization. Delve into the structure, significant details, and the social hierarchy that defined this era. Understand the historical context of governance, including critiques of corruption and discrimination during the Spanish rule.