History of Petroleum Industry

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What was a significant outcome of Edwin Drake's drilling in 1859?

It led to the first industrial oil refinery.

It resulted in the establishment of OPEC.

It marked the end of petroleum exploration.

It demonstrated the possibility of large-scale oil extraction. (correct)

Which ancient civilization utilized bitumen effectively in their construction and sealing processes?

The Romans

The Sumerians (correct)

The Greeks

The Egyptians

What was the primary purpose of the first oil pipeline built by the U.S. Army during World War II?

To ensure a steady fuel supply. (correct)

To explore new oil reserves.

To transport oil across the continent.

To refine crude oil into kerosene.

What event significantly increased oil prices during the 1973–1974 period?

The Arab oil embargo. Signup and view all the answers

In what century did the commercialization of petroleum take a significant turn?

19th century Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable achievement in the development of oil transportation by the Chinese around 600 BCE?

Building pipelines using bamboo. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the Philippine Petroleum Industry market was driven by transportation fuel in 2021?

72.3% Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of OPEC's establishment in 1960?

To regulate oil production and prices. Signup and view all the answers

Which civilization is credited with the early use of Greek fire as a weapon?

The Byzantine Greeks Signup and view all the answers

Which sector is projected to be the largest in the petroleum market by 2027?

Transportation Fuel Signup and view all the answers

In 2021, what was the market share of the transportation industry in the Philippine petroleum market?

70.0% Signup and view all the answers

Which company leads the Philippine petroleum market in 2020?

Petron Signup and view all the answers

What role does the petrochemical industry play in the Philippine economy?

It is crucial for industries requiring petrochemical products. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an application of oil mentioned in the document?

Digital media Signup and view all the answers

Which company had the lowest market share among the top companies in the 2020 Philippine Petroleum Industry?

Liquigaz Philippines Corporation Signup and view all the answers

How is the market share of the Filipino petroleum industry expected to change by 2027?

The dominance of transportation fuel will remain, with minor changes in other sectors. Signup and view all the answers

What major factor caused oil prices to exceed $147 a barrel in 2008?

Geopolitical tensions and the financial crisis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key advancement in the petrochemical industry during the early 20th century?

Invention of thermal cracking process Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary business focus of Chemrez Technologies, Inc.?

Resins/powder coatings and oleochemicals Signup and view all the answers

By what year might global oil output peak according to predictions mentioned?

2035 Signup and view all the answers

What type of facility is Chemrez recognized as in the Philippines?

The first continuous-process biodiesel facility Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Chemrez's approach to manufacturing?

Utilizing technologies for high-quality results with minimal environmental harm Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant impact of the climate change movement on the petroleum industry in the 2020s?

A shift towards renewable energy adoption Signup and view all the answers

What was the original name of Chemrez Technologies, Inc.?

Corro-Coat, Inc. Signup and view all the answers

Which petrochemical product is essential as a feedstock in the industry?

Ethylene Signup and view all the answers

Which region has significantly invested in petrochemical infrastructure and become a competitor to Western firms?

Asia Pacific Signup and view all the answers

What material is primarily utilized to produce petroleum products?

Crude oils Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a benefit of Chemrez Technologies' operations?

Improved job opportunities and regional prosperity Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary benefit of developing technologies in the petrochemical industry during the 1930s?

Higher availability of natural gas for feed Signup and view all the answers

Which of these events is least likely to have directly influenced modern culture through petroleum?

Introduction of renewable energy policies Signup and view all the answers

What natural resource does Chemrez focus on for its environmentally friendly goods?

Coconut oil Signup and view all the answers

What role does the petrochemical industry play in the Philippines?

It provides raw goods and supports economic development. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage increase in throughput have refineries experienced by using APC?

25% Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of predictive analytics in the supply chain?

To predict demand and understand logistics Signup and view all the answers

Which area of operational improvement does predictive analytics contribute to?

Reduction of lead time Signup and view all the answers

What recent advancement has significantly impacted seismic imaging in the petroleum industry?

Improved techniques in locating DNALPs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Advanced Process Control (APC)?

A system for real-time performance adjustment Signup and view all the answers

How do petroleum and petrochemical companies primarily benefit from innovations?

By improving efficiency, safety, and sustainability Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the challenges companies face when pursuing innovation?

High initial investment costs Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant outcome of utilizing supply chain optimization?

Mitigation of production bottlenecks Signup and view all the answers

What is one role of pipes and lines in a petrochemical manufacturing company?

They are responsible for the production of products. Signup and view all the answers

Which company is noted as a leading player in the petrochemical industry?

JG Summit Olefins Corporation Signup and view all the answers

What does the first video linked provide insight into?

Different stations in the petroleum industry located offshore. Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a typical application of petroleum mentioned?

Construction materials Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is likely to pose corrosion challenges in petroleum refinements?

Cracking processes Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the second video linked in the text?

To provide a tour of a petrochemical manufacturing facility. Signup and view all the answers

Which reference discusses the impact of oil spills specifically?

The Big Bill of the Oil Spill in the Verde Island Passage Signup and view all the answers

What type of company is Chemrez described as in the references?

A petrochemical firm using biodiesel Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

University of Santo Tomas

Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering
Academic Year 2024-2025
Course: CHE2119: Chemical Process Industries
Topic: Petroleum and Petrochemicals

I. Background of the Product

A. History: Petroleum (crude oil) is a naturally occurring liquid composed mainly of hydrocarbons. It's yellowish-black in color and formed millions of years ago from the remains of extinct sea creatures, plants, and algae. Early civilizations used bitumen, a type of petroleum, for construction and other purposes. The Chinese used pipelines by 600 BCE, the Greeks developed Greek fire, and the Arabs discovered oil reserves in Baku, Azerbaijan in the 9th century CE. The modern petroleum industry began in the 19th century with the discovery and drilling of oil in North America.

II. Manufacturing Process

A. Raw Materials (Petroleum): Crude oil is the primary raw material for the petroleum industry, consisting of hydrocarbons (paraffin, ethane, methane, etc.).
B. Unit Operations (Petroleum): Distillation is a crucial unit operation used to separate crude oil into fractions (fractions with lighter boiling points rise higher in the distillation column). Solvent Extraction is used to purify distillates (removing sulfur components). Blending mixes various fractions to create different fuel types. Merox is used to treat distillates (purifying kerosene and gasoline).
C. Unit Processes (Petroleum): Hydrotreating removes sulfur and nitrogen from crude oil using hydrogen. Reforming converts naphthas into high-octane gasoline. Isomerization converts low-octane hydrocarbons (like butane and pentane) to higher-octane isoparaffins. Alkylation merges smaller molecules to make higher-octane gasoline. Cracking breaks down large hydrocarbons into smaller ones (producing gasoline, diesel, etc.). Delayed coking removes light ends from the feed. The Claus process converts hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur.
D. Process Flow Diagrams (Petroleum): The flow diagram illustrates a petroleum refinery, including various unit operations, showing products (like gasoline, diesel, LPG, etc), and process streams, with significant detail on unit processes and the overall process.

III. Common Manufacturing Problems and Proposed Solutions

Manufacturing issues in the petroleum industry includes corrosion (metallic parts interacting with the environment degrading them). Fouling (build-up of minerals, biological organisms, etc.) and scaling, which significantly reduce plant efficiency. Addressing these issues involves utilizing appropriate materials, applying protective coatings, or using corrosion inhibitors. Replacing worn-out parts or equipment improves efficiency and reduces maintenance expenses.

IV. Product and/or Process Innovations

A. Petroleum Advance Seismic Imaging: Seismic imaging is used to map subsurface properties. Advancements in this technique make exploration more efficient and reduce risk. This new technology can lead to a large increase in the demand for seismic surveys of the subsurface.
B. Digital Oilfield Solutions: Digital solutions (using Artificial Intelligence and IoT) allow real-time monitoring and optimize operations, and thus reduce operational costs
C. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR): Recovery techniques increase oil production from existing fields (for instance steam injection, polymer flooding, and microbial enhanced oil recovery).
D. Renewable Energy Integration: Companies can incorporate renewable energy methods (solar power etc.) while maintaining their sustainability and reducing environmental impact.
E. Petrochemical: Circular Economy and Resource Recovery: Transitioning to a circular economy and minimizing waste, as it enables the efficient recycling, reuse, and regeneration of materials thereby supporting the industry's sustainability.

V. Virtual Field Trips

A. Photos: Pictures illustrating the scale of operations and the processes of petroleum production (for example, offshore platforms or refineries), emphasizing the key steps and equipment.
B. Links to Videos: Video links that showcase actual petroleum operations or manufacturing processes may be provided for visual learning.

C. Economics

The Philippines relies significantly on its petroleum industry. Projections forecast USD 17.3 billion in market value for the industry by 2027. Crude is typically the most significant portion of the market (about 66.3% in 2021). The "Big 3"-Petro, Shell, and Chevron/Caltex-account for a large portion of market share. The impact of petrochemicals on the GDP is noticeable, with an estimated impact of about 6.7% and 14 billion dollars in 2013.

D. Leading Companies

Several companies are dominating the Philippine Petroleum Industry, such as Petron Corporation, Pilipinas Shell, and Chevron Philippines. The 'Big 3' companies have significant influence within this segment and the petrochemical industries.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on the significant events and developments in the petroleum industry, from ancient civilizations to modern times. This quiz covers key milestones, market trends, and historical figures that shaped the oil market. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand the evolution of oil utilization and its impact on the economy.