History of Open Source

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Questions and Answers

Richard Stallman is best known for what?

  • Creating the Apache License for software distribution.
  • Developing the Linux kernel in 1991.
  • Establishing the Free Software Foundation and the GNU project. (correct)
  • Founding the Open-Source Initiative in 1998.

What is the key principle emphasized by the ideals of open source?

  • Limiting the modification of software to protect the original author's intent.
  • Restricting the use of software to specific application domains.
  • Ensuring that all software is available at no cost.
  • Granting users the freedom to use, modify, and distribute software. (correct)

Which of the following is a core component of an operating system, acting as a bridge between hardware and software?

  • The Linux kernel. (correct)
  • The Apache License.
  • The Free Software Foundation.
  • The GNU General Public License.

Which criterion of open source ensures software can be distributed without licensing fees?

<p>Free Redistribution. (A)</p>
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What does the term 'free' in the Free Software Movement primarily refer to?

<p>The liberty to use, study, modify, and distribute the software. (D)</p>
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What is a primary function of the GNU General Public License (GPL)?

<p>To allow users to use, modify, and distribute software under certain conditions. (B)</p>
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Which entity is dedicated to promoting and protecting open-source software?

<p>The Open-Source Initiative. (C)</p>
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Which of the following software licenses is known for permitting the linking of proprietary applications with the library?

<p>GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) (B)</p>
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What is the distinguishing characteristic of Public Domain Software?

<p>It has no copyright restrictions, meaning it is not owned by any individual or organization. (B)</p>
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How does a BSD License differ from the GNU General Public License (GPL)?

<p>BSD does not require derivative works to be open source. (A)</p>
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What is the primary purpose of a software license?

<p>To outline the rights of both the developer and the user of a software. (B)</p>
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Which of the following is a characteristic of freeware?

<p>It is available for use at no cost. (D)</p>
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What does the criterion 'Integrity of the Author's Source Code' in open source mean?

<p>Modifications must be allowed, but original authors' rights to the integrity of their code are preserved. (A)</p>
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Which of the following open-source software applications is an alternative to Adobe Photoshop?

<p>GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program) (B)</p>
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What best describes the term 'shareware'?

<p>Software typically distributed on a trial basis for users to try before purchasing. (D)</p>
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Which principle of open source ensures that the software can be used for any purpose without restrictions on application domains?

<p>No Restriction on Specific Fields of Endeavor. (C)</p>
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What is a 'hybrid license,' as exemplified by the Mozilla Public License?

<p>A license that combines elements of both copyleft and permissive licenses. (A)</p>
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Which of the following is an open-source alternative to the Unix operating system?

<p>The Linux operating system (C)</p>
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What does 'GNU' stand for?

<p>GNU's Not Unix (A)</p>
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Which license is widely used in the Apache foundation's projects, that also encourage contribution and collaboration?

<p>Apache License (A)</p>
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Flashcards

Open Source

Software with freely available source code that the public can use.

Richard M. Stallman

An American free software movement activist, also known as rms or RMS.

GNU Project

Stallman founded this project in 1983; it stands for GNU's Not Unix.

Free Software Foundation (FSF)

established by Stallman as a non-profit promoting and developing free software.

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Free Software Movement

Initiated by Richard Stallman to ensure software users have essential freedoms.

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GNU General Public License (GPL)

A widely used open-source software license.

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Kernel

The core component of an operating system (OS) that manages hardware and software resources.

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Freedom (in Open Source)

Emphasizes the freedom to use, modify, and distribute software.

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Transparency (in Open Source)

The source code is accessible to anyone, which promotes transparency.

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Community Collaboration

Is fundamental to operating open source projects.

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Free Redistribution

The software can be freely distributed without any licensing fees.

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Access to Source Code

The source code must be available, allowing users to inspect, modify, and enhance it.

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Derivative Works

Users can create and distribute modified versions of the software.

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Integrity of Author's Source Code

Maintains its integrity. Modifications must be allowed, but original authors' rights to it are preserved.

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No Discrimination

The license must not discriminate against individuals or groups.

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No Restriction on Specific Endeavor

The software can be used for any purpose, with no limitations

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Open-Source Software

Refers to software whose source code is made freely available, and can be modified, enhanced, and distributed by anyone.

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Public Domain Software

Software that has no copyright restrictions, meaning it is not owned by any individual or organization.

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Freeware

Refers to software that is available for use at no cost.

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GNU General Public License

One of the most widely used free software licenses. It allows users to use, modify, and distribute software under certain conditions.

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Study Notes

  • Open source is software or technology with publicly available source code.

History of Open Source

  • Richard M. Stallman (rms or RMS) is an American free software movement activist.
  • Stallman founded the GNU Project in 1983; GNU stands for "GNU's Not Unix".
  • The GNU Manifesto (1985) outlined the vision and principles for creating a free and open computing environment.
  • In 1985, Stallman established the Free Software Foundation (FSF) as a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting and developing free software.
  • The Free Software Movement was initiated by Richard Stallman in the 1980s, articulating the need for essential freedoms for software users
  • The word "free" refers to freedom, not price.
  • Freedom includes using software for any purpose, studying and modifying the source code, and sharing the software and modifications with others.
  • GPL (GNU General Public License or simply GPL) is a widely used open-source software license.
  • The Linux kernel (1991) by Linus Torvalds became the kernel for the GNU operating system; the combined system became the GNU/Linux Operating system.
  • A kernel is the core component of an operating system (OS), acting as a bridge between hardware and software, managing resources.

Ideals of Open Source

  • Open source emphasizes the freedom to use, modify, and distribute software.
  • The source code of open-source software is accessible to anyone, promoting transparency.
  • Open source thrives on community collaboration
  • Open source projects often operate on a merit-based system

Criteria of Open Source

  • Free Redistribution software can be freely distributed without any licensing fees.
  • The source code must be available to the public, allowing users to inspect, modify, and enhance it.
  • Users can create and distribute modified versions of the software.
  • Modifications must be allowed, but original authors' rights to the integrity of their code are preserved.
  • The license must not discriminate against individuals or groups.
  • Software can be used for any purpose, with no limitations on application domains.
  • The Open-Source Initiative (1998) is a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting and protecting open-source software
  • Open-Source Software refers to software whose source code is made freely available, and can be modified, enhanced, and distributed by anyone
  • "Open source” was adopted in 1999
  • The Linux operating system, Mozilla Firefox, LibreOffice, GIMP , and VLC Media Player are common examples of open-source applications.
  • Free Software allows users to access, use, modify, and distribute without any restriction
  • Public Domain Software has no copyright restrictions, meaning it is not owned by any individual or organization
  • Freeware refers to software that is available for use at no cost.
  • Shareware is typically distributed on a trial basis, allowing users to try it out before purchasing, and often comes with certain limitations or restrictions in the trial version.

Software License

  • A software license outlines the rights of both the developer and the user, specifying how the program may be used and how it will be paid for.
  • GNU General Public License (GNU GPL): A widely used free software license allowing users to use, modify, and distribute software under certain conditions.
  • GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL): Similar to the GPL but with less stringent requirements, allowing linking of proprietary applications with the library.
  • BSD License: A permissive free software license that allows users to use, modify, and distribute software with very few restrictions, suitable for commercial and proprietary use.
  • Mozilla Public License: Allows users to use, modify, and distribute software under certain conditions; a hybrid license combining elements of both copyleft and permissive licenses.
  • MIT License: Allows users to use, modify, and distribute software for any purpose, including commercial use, as long as the original copyright notice and disclaimer are retained.
  • Apache License: Widely used in the Apache Software Foundation's projects, encouraging contribution and collaboration.

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