20 Questions
What did Florence Nightingale recognize as important to health in her contributions to modern nursing?
Occupational and recreational therapy
In what way did Florence Nightingale reduce mortality rates during her time?
By implementing sanitation practices
What did Florence Nightingale establish standards for in hospital management?
Hospital cleanliness and sanitation
What did Harriet Tubman provide to slaves during the Civil War, according to the text?
Transportation on the Underground Railroad
Which of the following statements about nursing did Florence Nightingale believe to be true?
Nursing is separate and distinct from medicine
Who is known for establishing nursing training programs in the United States and Japan, and creating the first system for keeping individual medical records for hospitalized patients?
Florence Nightingale
Which individual became a nurse to care for his brother and other soldiers wounded in the Civil War?
Walt Whitman
Who was known for their contributions to human rights, founding American Community Nursing, and being the founder of Public Health Nursing?
Lillian Wald
Which nurse initially worked with the underprivileged in New York’s lower east side before promoting the use of birth control and founding organizations like the World Population Conference and Planned Parenthood Federation?
Margaret Sanger
Who initiated the first nursing program at a major university, John Hopkins Hospital Training School, in 1889?
Mary Adelaide Nutting
Who was appointed matron of a hospital at Fort Monroe in Virginia in 1865, where she cared for sick and wounded black soldiers?
Harriet Tubman
Which individual worked to provide good service to all patients, co-founded the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses, and aimed to help other nurses of color enter the profession?
Mary Mahoney
Who became known as the 'angel of the battlefield' during the Civil War, tending wounds and feeding injured Union soldiers?
Clara Barton
Which individual became the first professionally trained nurse in the US?
Linda Richards
Who served as a superintendent of Female Nurses of the Army during the Civil War, recruited nurses, fought to reform treatment for mental illness, and founded the first Public Mental Health Hospital in America?
Dorothea Dix
What illuminated the need for educated nurses in the 19th century?
The Civil War's demand for skilled medical assistance
In which century did Nurses practice as nurse-midwives and Deaconesses make organized visits to sick people?
19th century
Which event led to a mass exodus of nurses in the 21st century, resulting in a shortage?
Covid-19 pandemic and the year of the nurse and nurse midwife
What role did male members of religious orders play in Early Christianity regarding nursing care?
Providing nursing care and burying the dead
How did WWII impact the nursing profession in the 20th century?
Greater emphasis on technology advancements in nursing
Study Notes
Four Spheres of Care
- Disease prevention
- Chronic disease care
- Regenerative or restorative care
- Hospice/Palliative/Supportive care
International Counsel of Nurses and World Health Organization (WHO)
- Focus on ensuring nurses and midwives are involved in policy making
- Encourage greater investment in the nursing workforce
- Recruiting more nurses into leadership positions
- Conducting research to determine where nurses can have the greatest impact
- Sharing of best nursing practices
Influential Figures in Nursing
Florence Nightingale (1860)
- Recognized importance of nutrition in health
- Instituted occupational and recreational therapy for sick people
- Stressed the need for continuing education for nurses
- Maintained accurate records, recognized as the beginnings of nursing research
- Implemented sanitation practices, reducing mortality from 42% to 2%
- Identified personal needs of patients and role of nurse in meeting them
- Established standards for hospital management
- Established nursing education and nursing as a respected occupation for women
- Recognized the two components of nursing: health and illness
Harriet Tubman (1862)
- Provided care and safety to slaves on the Underground Railroad during the Civil War
- Joined the Union Army and worked as a nurse and teacher
- Appointed matron of a hospital at Fort Monroe in Virginia, caring for sick and wounded black soldiers
Mary Mahoney (1879)
- First African-American professional registered nurse
- Co-founded the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses to help other nurses of color
Sojourner Truth (1864)
- Provided care to soldiers during the Civil War
- Advocate for nurse education and training
- Outspoken advocate for abolition, temperance, and civil and women’s rights
Dorothea Dix (1836)
- Served as superintendent of Female Nurses of the Army during the Civil War
- Recruited nurses and fought to reform treatment for mental illness
- Founded the first Public Mental Health Hospital in America
- Became the superintendent of Union Army Nurses
Clara Barton (1882)
- Known as the "angel of the battlefield" during the Civil War
- Tended wounds and fed injured Union soldiers
- Helped the International Red Cross during the Franco-Prussian War
- Established the Red Cross in the US
Linda Richards (1874)
- First professionally trained nurse in the US
- Established nursing training programs in the US and Japan
- Created the first system for keeping individual medical records for hospitalized patients
- Introduced MD orders and nurse’s notes
Walt Whitman (1865)
- Became a nurse to care for his brother and other soldiers wounded in the Civil War
- Wrote about his experience as a nurse
Lillian Wald (1914)
- Founder of American Community Nursing and Public Health Nursing
- Known for contributions to human rights
Margaret Sanger (1942)
- Originally a nurse for the underprivileged in New York’s lower east side
- Founded Planned Parenthood
Mary Adelaide Nutting (1910)
- First nursing program in a major university at Johns Hopkins Hospital
- Started the program at the age of 31
- Nurses practiced as nurse-midwives
- Six nurses had formal and clearly defined roles
Historical Context
- 19th-20th centuries: Florence Nightingale and the Civil War
- 20th century: WWII and the growth of education and independence for women
- 21st century: Covid-19 pandemic, nursing shortage, and curriculum changes to accommodate the broadened role of nurses
Test your knowledge on influential figures in the field of nursing who made significant contributions to healthcare, education, and human rights. Learn about their achievements and impact on the nursing profession.
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