History of Microbiology

History of Microbiology

• Pasteur stated living organisms discriminate between stereoisomers.
• Open tubes of broth remained free of bacteria when air was free of dust.
• Leeuwenhoek found earthly particles floating, some green streaks, spirally wound serpent-wise and orderly arranged and the circumstances of each streak was about the thickness of a hair on one's head.
• The principle light-trapping pigment molecule in plants, Algae, and cyanobacteria is Chlorophyll a.
• During Bio Geo chemical cycle some elementary carbon amount gets utilized by the microorganisms via immobilization.
• Reverse isolation is appropriate for a patient diagnosed with tuberculosis.
• Malaise is a symptome “general feeling of illness and discomfort".
• Rhizobium symbiotically appears on soybean .
• Alfred D. Hershey and Martha Chase provided the evidence that bacteriophage nucleic acid, not protein, enters the host cell during infection.
• Spirulina belongs to Cyanophyceae.
• The first antibody to contact invading microorganisms is IgM.
• Light emitted by luminescent bacteria is mediated by the enzyme Luciferase.
• Phagemid vector is used in the Human Genome Project.
• Salt and sugar preserve foods by hypertonic environment production.
• In a fluorescent microscope, the objective lens is made of Polythene.
• Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen is performed via biological process.
• Candida albicans is a serious threat in a bone marrow transplant unit.
• Direct microscopic count can be done with the aid of a Neuberg chamber.
• The image obtained in a compound microscope is virtual.
• Enzymes responsible for alcoholic fermentation is Zymase.
• Ascospores are spores produced sexually.
• Bacterial transformation was independently discovered by Ederberg and Tatum.
• Father of microbiology is A.V. Leeuwenhock.
• The antiseptic method was first demonstrated by Lord Lister.
• Small pox vaccine was first discovered by Edward Jenner.
• The term mutation was coined by Hugo devries.
• A compound microscope was discovered by Johnsen & Hans.
• Father of Medical Microbiology is Robert Koch.
• A pandemic is a disease that affects many people at different countries.
• Prophylaxis of cholera includes environmental sanitation.
• Magnetic coils are used as an objective lens in an electron microscope.
• Prokaryotic organisms do not have a nuclear envelope.
• Oxysomes are stalked particles on the cristae of mitochondria.
• Lord Lister first introduced antiseptic methods.
• Prions cause Kuru disease in humans.
• A nonsense mutation is a mutation that produces a termination codon.
• During conjunction, the genetic material transfers through Pili.
• Joseph Lister discovered antiseptic surgery.
• Tuberculosis is an air borne disease.
• Phagocytic phenomenon was discovered by Metchnikof.
• Plasmids are also known as Chondroids.
• Kohler and Milstein first discovered the hybridoma technique.
• The minimum number of bacteria required to produce clinical evidence of death in a susceptible animal under standard conditions is MLD.
• Tungsten metal is the source of electrons in an electron microscope.
• Griffith (1928) first reported the phenomenon of transformation in Pneumococci.
• The resolution power of a compound microscope is 0.2 micron.
• Virulence is the capacity of a given microbial species to produce disease.
• Burnet and Milstein Kohler are associated with the name of Monoclonal antibodies.
• Lederberg and Tatum (1946) described the phenomena of Conjunction.
• Hanging drop method for motility study was first introduced by Leeuwenhock
• Electron microscope magnifies up to 2,00,000 X.
• The term "vaccine" coined by Pasteur.
• The inventor of the Microscope is Antony von.
• First Pasteur conducted fermentation experiments in Fruit juices.
• Paul Ehrlich proposed modern concepts of chemotherapy.
• Elie Metchikoff discovered the role of phagocytosis.
• Klein Berger discovered L-forms. -Howard Ricketts first described the causative organism of Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
• De'Herelle coined the term bacteriophage.
• F.W. Twort discovered Viral infection of bacteria.
• The eye cannot resolve any image less than 2ìm.
• Janssen and Hans discovered the Compound Microscope.
• Knoll and Ruska discovered the Electron Microscope.
• The magnification range of a light microscope is 1000x – 2000x.
• A Condensor condensates light in light Microscope .
• Numerical aperture is the light gathering capacity of a Microscope.
• If 10x and 40x objectives are used with air, the numerical aperture is 1.0
• The Resolving power is the Microscope’s ability to distinguish two objects as separate entities.
• The limit of resolution of a compound microscope is around 0.1 mm.
• Mercury lamp is the source of light in a florescence microscope. -Gabor perfected the magnetic lens in 1927.
• The magnification power of an electron microscope developed by Knell and Ruska is 12,000x.
• Tungsten metal is the source of electrons in an electron microscope.
• Secondary electrons are the electrons passed out from the specimen .
• Frank first observed Mycorrhiza.
• Avery Macleod & Mc.Carthy proved the transfer of genetic material during transformation, basing it on Griffith's experiment.
• Elie Metchnikoff proposed the phagocytic theory.
• Parter & Richet first observed Anaphylaxia.
• Histamine is a primary mediator in anaphylaxis.
• Marrice Arthus discovered the Arthus reaction.
• Von perquit discovered Serum sickness reaction.
• Kochler & Milston developed the Hybridoma technique.
• A pandemic is a disease that effects many people at different countries.
• Mechanical vectors are vectors that transmit infection mechanically .
• Direct contact transmission occurs if a person gets infected via direct contact with the infected tissue of another person.
• Attenuation denotes reduction of virulence.
• Exaltation denotes enhancement of virulence.
• The virulence of a pathogen is usually measured by LD50.
• The lethal dose required to kill 50% of the lab animals. tested under standard conditions is called LD50. Adhesions, invasiveness, toxigenicity, and enzymes are the critical virulence factors
• Invasiveness refers to the ability of a pathogen to spread in the host tissues after causing infection. Hyaluronidase acts as a spreading factor. Metchnikoff discovered Vibrio Cholerae. Escherich discovered E.coli. -Robert Koch discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
• Hansem discovered Mycobacterium lepree.
• Louis Pasteur discovered Streptococcus pneumoniae. Robert Koch isolated B.anthracis. Rosenbach isolated Staphylococcus aureus. Schroeter and Gessard first called Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Schaudinn and Hoffman discovered T. pallidum . Neisser in 1879 first described Neisseria gonorrhoeae . -Landsteiner and Weiner discovered the Rh factor of the blood. Schauddinn and Hoffman discovered Trepanema pallidum. The fluorescent substance used in the fluorescent microscope is Quinine sulphate

Bacteria & Gram Staining

• Haemophilus streptococcus causes cold like symptoms.

• In Streptococcus fecalis, conjugation takes place at Pili.

• Negri bodies are present in rabies-infected mad dogs.

• The Nesser produces Rubella.

• Lipolytic organisms cause rancidity in spoiled foods.

• Escherichia is the bacterium commonly used in genetic engineering.

• DNA Replication is a plasmid function. -Mycoplasmas are bacterial cells that cannot reproduce on artificial meida.

• A neurotoxin is the etiologic agent of botulism.

• The bacterial cell is at its metabolic peak during the log phase.

• Protein particles that can infect are called Prions.

• In most purple bacteria, the light harvesting center is B 850 & B 875.

• Lippolysacharide the gramnegative bacteria produces endtoxin.

• E.coli was Gram-negative and chemolithotrophic.

• Mycoplasma performs reproduction by binary fission and binary fusion.

• Herpes viruses have an icosahedral shape, with envelope, ds DNA.

• Mycoplasmas produce the typical fried egg appearance colonies on solid media.

• Halophile is an osmophilic organism with specific requirements for sodium chloride.

• Clones are a population of cells derived from a single cell.

• Hetrolactic acid bacteria produce Lactic acid + alchohol + CO2.

• Thiobacillus thiooxidence does not produce conjunction tubes during conjunction.

• Tetrahymena thermophila does not produce conjunction tubes during conjunction.

• Glycolysis permits erythrocytes to get their source of ATP.

• Virus Contains DNA or RNA.

• The bacterial pili mainly contain Proteins.

• Algae produces Second World War’s wonder drug.

• Photosynthesis perform a bacterias role in the carbon cycle.

• Centromere part of a chromosome that holds chromatid together by forming a site of attachment. Invertebrates' somatic cells are haploid in many ways. Diseases present at birth are congenital diseases. -Biological systems need Polymerase to join the two molecules. Plasma membrane part of the Meosomes.

• All prokaryotes have cell walls with the exception of Mycoplasms.

• Lysozyme enzyme hydrolyzes bacterial cell walls.

• Cows can digest straw because they contain Cellulose hydrolyzing microorganisms.

• Nucleus controls protein synthesis in the cytoplasm by sending m RNA molecule.

• Ribosomes are site of energy production in cell.

• Chloroplast thylakoid is present there. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is extensively used bacteria for genetic engineering work in plans Maximum application of animal cell culture technology today is in the production of.insulino Protein and rRNA are composed of bacterial ribosome . Calvin cycle in potorespiration are involves Potorespiration. Protozoa undergoes Bioleaching is done.

• diagnostic for rabies are Negri bodies. are Guarnieri bodies are Inclusion Elementary.

• The Pseudomonas genera would is most likely to contain organisms capable of Cerviving temperatures high.

• Co- factor on enzymes is important role of minor elements inside a living organisms.

• Chemostat is one of that to remain maintain Apparellus continuous culture. Nessler's reagent test can used to detect amine test. Corynebacterium caused Diphtheria with Diphtheria is most commonly a Streptococcus to have S. pyogenes. Interferons is are of which has production maximum cell today technology production apply of to production used animals Inulium and Vaccae. Protoin and m RNA most bacterial that are of component to bacterial ribosomes

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