History of Microbiology

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Questions and Answers

According to Pasteur statements which one of the following is true

  • Both a and b
  • Living organisms doesn't discriminate between stereoisomers
  • Living organisms discriminate between stereoisomers (correct)
  • Fermentation is a aerobic process

"I found floating therin earthly particles, some green streaks, spirally wound serpent-wise, and orderly arranged, the whole circumstance of each of these streaks was abut the thickness of a hair on one's head".... These words are of

Leeuwenhoek

The principle light- trapping pigment molecule in plants, Algae, and cyanobacteria is

  • Rhodapsin
  • Porphyrin
  • Chlorophyll a (correct)
  • Chlorophyll b

During Bio Geo chemical cycle some amount of elemental carbon was utilized by the microorganisms. The phenomenon is called as

<p>Immobilization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who demonstrated that open tubes of broth remained free of bacteria when air was free of dust.

<p>John Tyndall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reverse isolation would be appropriate for

<p>a patient with tuberculosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The symptome “ general feeling of illness and discomfort " is called

<p>Malaise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

On soybean which of the following forms symbiotism

<p>Bradyrhizobium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who provide the evidence that bacteriophage nucleic acid but not protein enters the host cell during infection

<p>Alfred D.Hershey &amp; Martha Chase in 1952. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spirulina belongs to

<p>Cyanophyceae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first antibody to contact invading microorganisms was

<p>IgM (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The light emitted by luminescent bacteria is mediated by the enzyme

<p>Lactose dehydrogenase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pick out the vector using in human Genome project

<p>Yeast artificial chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Salt and sugar preserve foods because they

<p>Produce a hypertonic environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a fluorescent microscope the objective lens is made of

<p>Polythene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen is by means of

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following fungi is the most serious threat in a bone marrow transplant unit?

<p>Aspergillus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Direct microscopic count can be done with the aid of

<p>Neuberg chamber (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The image obtained in a compound microscope is

<p>Virtual (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enzymes responsible for alcoholic fermentation

<p>Zymase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of spores are produced sexually?

<p>Ascospores (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacterial transformation was discovered by

<p>Ederberg and Tatum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Father of microbiology is

<p>A.V. Leeuwenhock (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The antiseptic method was first demonstrated by

<p>Lord Lister (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Small pox vaccine was first discovered by

<p>Edward Jenner (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term mutation was coined by

<p>Hugo devries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compound microscope was discovered by

<p>Johnsen &amp; Hans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Father of Medical Microbiology is

<p>Koch (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Disease that affects many people at different countries is termed as

<p>Pandemic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prophylaxis of cholera is

<p>Environmental sanitation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In electron microscope, what material is used as an objective lense?

<p>Magnetic coils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main feature of prokaryotic organism is

<p>Absence of nuclear envelope (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The stalked particles on the cristae of mitochondria are called

<p>Peroxisomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antiseptic methods were first introduced by

<p>Lord Lister (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kuru disease in Humans is caused by

<p>Prions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A mutation that produces termination codon is

<p>Non-sense mutation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During conjunction the genetic material will be transferred through

<p>Pili (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antiseptic surgery was discovered by

<p>Joseph Lister (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tuberculosis is a

<p>Air borne disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phagocytic phenomenon was discovered by

<p>Metchnikof (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meosomes are also known as

<p>Chondroids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hybridoma technique was first discovered by.

<p>Kohler and Milstein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The minimum number of bacteria required to produce clinical evidence of death in a susceptible animal under standard condition is called

<p>MLD (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Electron Microscope source of electrons is from

<p>Tungsten metal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Griffith (1928) reported the phenomenon of transformation first in

<p>Pneumococci (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The resolution power of the compound microscope is

<p>0.2 micron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The capacity of a given strain of microbial species to produce disease is known as

<p>Virulence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Monoclonal antibodies are associated with the name of

<p>Burnet (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lederberg and Tatum (1946) described the phenomena of

<p>Conjunction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hanging drop method for motility study was first introduced by

<p>Leeuwenhock (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electron microscope gives magnification upto

<p>2,00,000 X (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Term vaccine was coined by

<p>Pasteur (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inventor of Microscope is

<p>Antony von (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

First Pasteur conducted fermentation experiments in

<p>Fruit juices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Modern concepts of chemotherapy was proposed by

<p>Paul Ehrlich (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The role of phagocytosis was discovered by

<p>Elie Metchikoff (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

L-forms are discovered by

<p>Klein Berger (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The causative organism of rocky mountain spotted fever was first described by

<p>Both a and b (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term bacteriophage was coined by

<p>De'Herelle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Viral infection of bacteria was discovered by

<p>F.W. Twort (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eye cannot resolve any image less than

<p>5ìm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electron Microscope was discovered by

<p>Knoll and Ruska (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Magnification range of light microscope is

<p>1000x – 2000x (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Condensation of light in light Microscope is by

<p>Condensor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Light gathering capacity of Microscope is called

<p>Numerical aperture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 10x and 40x objectives are used (air is the medium), the numerical aperture is

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Flashcards

Pasteur's statement

Living organisms discriminate between stereoisomers

Leeuwenhoek's observation

Observed 'earthy particles' and 'green streaks' with a microscope.

Chlorophyll

Molecule for light-harvesting in photosynthetic organisms

Immobilization of elemental carbon

Microbes utilization leads to the phenomenon during bio-geo-chemical cycles

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John Tyndall's experiment

Tubes with broth stayed bacteria-free if protected from dust

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Reverse isolation

Appropriate for patients vulnerable to infections

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Malaise

General feeling of illness and discomfort

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Soybean symbiotism

Rhizobium bacteria form symbiosis with?

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Hershey & Chase experiment

Bacteriophage DNA enters the host cell during infection

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Spirulina's classification

Cyanophyceae group Spirulina belongs to?

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Luciferase

Enzyme mediates light emission in luminescent bacteria

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Human Genome Project vector

Yeast artificial chromosomes vector use in what project?

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Salt and sugar food preservation

High concentration preserve foods because?

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Fluorescent microscope lenses

Objective lens in microscope made out of quartz?

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Nitrogen fixation

Happens naturally atmospheric which element?

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Candida albican

Fungal infection, following transplant is?

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Direct microscopic count

Count using Mineral oil is?

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Image in microscope that compound

Virtual inverted

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Which enzymes?

Zymase

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Spores asexual

Ascospores

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Were found with?

Ederberg and Tatum

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Who is Father?

Robert Koch

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Showed by with demo?

Lord Lister

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Mutation termed?

Darwin

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Comp. Micro?

Johnsen & Hans

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Micro

Pasteur

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Many and far?

Pandemic

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Prophylaxis method?

Protect the water

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Lense?

Magnets inside

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Feature main?

Nuclear enve. absent

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Particles?

Peroxisomes

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Demo anti?

Lister lances

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Humans kuru?

prions

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Prod term codon

Non-sense coding

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conjunction gene ? through?

pills

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Antiseptic surgery

Joseph Lister

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Micro

Airborne in air

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Found fact City?

Melanin Koff

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Study Notes

History of Microbiology

  • Pasteur stated living organisms discriminate between stereoisomers.
  • Open tubes of broth remained free of bacteria when air was free of dust.
  • Leeuwenhoek found earthly particles floating, some green streaks, spirally wound serpent-wise and orderly arranged and the circumstances of each streak was about the thickness of a hair on one's head.
  • The principle light-trapping pigment molecule in plants, Algae, and cyanobacteria is Chlorophyll a.
  • During Bio Geo chemical cycle some elementary carbon amount gets utilized by the microorganisms via immobilization.
  • Reverse isolation is appropriate for a patient diagnosed with tuberculosis.
  • Malaise is a symptome “general feeling of illness and discomfort".
  • Rhizobium symbiotically appears on soybean .
  • Alfred D. Hershey and Martha Chase provided the evidence that bacteriophage nucleic acid, not protein, enters the host cell during infection.
  • Spirulina belongs to Cyanophyceae.
  • The first antibody to contact invading microorganisms is IgM.
  • Light emitted by luminescent bacteria is mediated by the enzyme Luciferase.
  • Phagemid vector is used in the Human Genome Project.
  • Salt and sugar preserve foods by hypertonic environment production.
  • In a fluorescent microscope, the objective lens is made of Polythene.
  • Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen is performed via biological process.
  • Candida albicans is a serious threat in a bone marrow transplant unit.
  • Direct microscopic count can be done with the aid of a Neuberg chamber.
  • The image obtained in a compound microscope is virtual.
  • Enzymes responsible for alcoholic fermentation is Zymase.
  • Ascospores are spores produced sexually.
  • Bacterial transformation was independently discovered by Ederberg and Tatum.
  • Father of microbiology is A.V. Leeuwenhock.
  • The antiseptic method was first demonstrated by Lord Lister.
  • Small pox vaccine was first discovered by Edward Jenner.
  • The term mutation was coined by Hugo devries.
  • A compound microscope was discovered by Johnsen & Hans.
  • Father of Medical Microbiology is Robert Koch.
  • A pandemic is a disease that affects many people at different countries.
  • Prophylaxis of cholera includes environmental sanitation.
  • Magnetic coils are used as an objective lens in an electron microscope.
  • Prokaryotic organisms do not have a nuclear envelope.
  • Oxysomes are stalked particles on the cristae of mitochondria.
  • Lord Lister first introduced antiseptic methods.
  • Prions cause Kuru disease in humans.
  • A nonsense mutation is a mutation that produces a termination codon.
  • During conjunction, the genetic material transfers through Pili.
  • Joseph Lister discovered antiseptic surgery.
  • Tuberculosis is an air borne disease.
  • Phagocytic phenomenon was discovered by Metchnikof.
  • Plasmids are also known as Chondroids.
  • Kohler and Milstein first discovered the hybridoma technique.
  • The minimum number of bacteria required to produce clinical evidence of death in a susceptible animal under standard conditions is MLD.
  • Tungsten metal is the source of electrons in an electron microscope.
  • Griffith (1928) first reported the phenomenon of transformation in Pneumococci.
  • The resolution power of a compound microscope is 0.2 micron.
  • Virulence is the capacity of a given microbial species to produce disease.
  • Burnet and Milstein Kohler are associated with the name of Monoclonal antibodies.
  • Lederberg and Tatum (1946) described the phenomena of Conjunction.
  • Hanging drop method for motility study was first introduced by Leeuwenhock
  • Electron microscope magnifies up to 2,00,000 X.
  • The term "vaccine" coined by Pasteur.
  • The inventor of the Microscope is Antony von.
  • First Pasteur conducted fermentation experiments in Fruit juices.
  • Paul Ehrlich proposed modern concepts of chemotherapy.
  • Elie Metchikoff discovered the role of phagocytosis.
  • Klein Berger discovered L-forms. -Howard Ricketts first described the causative organism of Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
  • De'Herelle coined the term bacteriophage.
  • F.W. Twort discovered Viral infection of bacteria.
  • The eye cannot resolve any image less than 2ìm.
  • Janssen and Hans discovered the Compound Microscope.
  • Knoll and Ruska discovered the Electron Microscope.
  • The magnification range of a light microscope is 1000x – 2000x.
  • A Condensor condensates light in light Microscope .
  • Numerical aperture is the light gathering capacity of a Microscope.
  • If 10x and 40x objectives are used with air, the numerical aperture is 1.0
  • The Resolving power is the Microscope’s ability to distinguish two objects as separate entities.
  • The limit of resolution of a compound microscope is around 0.1 mm.
  • Mercury lamp is the source of light in a florescence microscope. -Gabor perfected the magnetic lens in 1927.
  • The magnification power of an electron microscope developed by Knell and Ruska is 12,000x.
  • Tungsten metal is the source of electrons in an electron microscope.
  • Secondary electrons are the electrons passed out from the specimen .
  • Frank first observed Mycorrhiza.
  • Avery Macleod & Mc.Carthy proved the transfer of genetic material during transformation, basing it on Griffith's experiment.
  • Elie Metchnikoff proposed the phagocytic theory.
  • Parter & Richet first observed Anaphylaxia.
  • Histamine is a primary mediator in anaphylaxis.
  • Marrice Arthus discovered the Arthus reaction.
  • Von perquit discovered Serum sickness reaction.
  • Kochler & Milston developed the Hybridoma technique.
  • A pandemic is a disease that effects many people at different countries.
  • Mechanical vectors are vectors that transmit infection mechanically .
  • Direct contact transmission occurs if a person gets infected via direct contact with the infected tissue of another person.
  • Attenuation denotes reduction of virulence.
  • Exaltation denotes enhancement of virulence.
  • The virulence of a pathogen is usually measured by LD50.
  • The lethal dose required to kill 50% of the lab animals. tested under standard conditions is called LD50. Adhesions, invasiveness, toxigenicity, and enzymes are the critical virulence factors
  • Invasiveness refers to the ability of a pathogen to spread in the host tissues after causing infection. Hyaluronidase acts as a spreading factor. Metchnikoff discovered Vibrio Cholerae. Escherich discovered E.coli. -Robert Koch discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
  • Hansem discovered Mycobacterium lepree.
  • Louis Pasteur discovered Streptococcus pneumoniae. Robert Koch isolated B.anthracis. Rosenbach isolated Staphylococcus aureus. Schroeter and Gessard first called Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Schaudinn and Hoffman discovered T. pallidum . Neisser in 1879 first described Neisseria gonorrhoeae . -Landsteiner and Weiner discovered the Rh factor of the blood. Schauddinn and Hoffman discovered Trepanema pallidum. The fluorescent substance used in the fluorescent microscope is Quinine sulphate

Bacteria & Gram Staining

  • Haemophilus streptococcus causes cold like symptoms.

  • In Streptococcus fecalis, conjugation takes place at Pili.

  • Negri bodies are present in rabies-infected mad dogs.

  • The Nesser produces Rubella.

  • Lipolytic organisms cause rancidity in spoiled foods.

  • Escherichia is the bacterium commonly used in genetic engineering.

  • DNA Replication is a plasmid function. -Mycoplasmas are bacterial cells that cannot reproduce on artificial meida.

  • A neurotoxin is the etiologic agent of botulism.

  • The bacterial cell is at its metabolic peak during the log phase.

  • Protein particles that can infect are called Prions.

  • In most purple bacteria, the light harvesting center is B 850 & B 875.

  • Lippolysacharide the gramnegative bacteria produces endtoxin.

  • E.coli was Gram-negative and chemolithotrophic.

  • Mycoplasma performs reproduction by binary fission and binary fusion.

  • Herpes viruses have an icosahedral shape, with envelope, ds DNA.

  • Mycoplasmas produce the typical fried egg appearance colonies on solid media.

  • Halophile is an osmophilic organism with specific requirements for sodium chloride.

  • Clones are a population of cells derived from a single cell.

  • Hetrolactic acid bacteria produce Lactic acid + alchohol + CO2.

  • Thiobacillus thiooxidence does not produce conjunction tubes during conjunction.

  • Tetrahymena thermophila does not produce conjunction tubes during conjunction.

  • Glycolysis permits erythrocytes to get their source of ATP.

  • Virus Contains DNA or RNA.

  • The bacterial pili mainly contain Proteins.

  • Algae produces Second World War’s wonder drug.

  • Photosynthesis perform a bacterias role in the carbon cycle.

  • Centromere part of a chromosome that holds chromatid together by forming a site of attachment. Invertebrates' somatic cells are haploid in many ways. Diseases present at birth are congenital diseases. -Biological systems need Polymerase to join the two molecules. Plasma membrane part of the Meosomes.

  • All prokaryotes have cell walls with the exception of Mycoplasms.

  • Lysozyme enzyme hydrolyzes bacterial cell walls.

  • Cows can digest straw because they contain Cellulose hydrolyzing microorganisms.

  • Nucleus controls protein synthesis in the cytoplasm by sending m RNA molecule.

  • Ribosomes are site of energy production in cell.

  • Chloroplast thylakoid is present there. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is extensively used bacteria for genetic engineering work in plans Maximum application of animal cell culture technology today is in the production of.insulino Protein and rRNA are composed of bacterial ribosome . Calvin cycle in potorespiration are involves Potorespiration. Protozoa undergoes Bioleaching is done.

  • diagnostic for rabies are Negri bodies. are Guarnieri bodies are Inclusion Elementary.

  • The Pseudomonas genera would is most likely to contain organisms capable of Cerviving temperatures high.

  • Co- factor on enzymes is important role of minor elements inside a living organisms.

  • Chemostat is one of that to remain maintain Apparellus continuous culture. Nessler's reagent test can used to detect amine test. Corynebacterium caused Diphtheria with Diphtheria is most commonly a Streptococcus to have S. pyogenes. Interferons is are of which has production maximum cell today technology production apply of to production used animals Inulium and Vaccae. Protoin and m RNA most bacterial that are of component to bacterial ribosomes

  • A bacterium containing prophage Lytic or Lytogen can infect by the infectious.

Botulism the is in of most infectious foodborne disseases.

in a airbones epidermic which has influenze is in more has to get

  • Vrial genome bacteria genomes such as known and temperage that for transfer genetic can integratate become the prophage are integrated.

Stored of foods is Lipolytic due the an activity

Infectious for virus particle that the Verion which defection are to.

Attenuation on the microorganisms so there by the reduced that Vergence.to.

  • Widal are for the test that detection typhoid a detection.

Temperate for the bacterium that are for capable of only lytic. can growth. the Dyphthiria bacillais there will known for the Klebs's hofflers bacillus. the Fucks are for of the bachullus

Gram negive have such as the Acridine dyes.

Bacteira pigment structer are on what is called proto Plasm that pro-bacteria.

Procedure from bacterial staining is by the AH Grain.

Intermedia group of patheogen parasites that intraceullar are Rickettslas are called.

An examble of bacillus in gram bacteria and posities have to be.

histolymica is are by the disentery by cased an ambioatic in the humans as. Prophage from bacterial genome integrataed which bacteria called.

A ozygena cceptor by that Cytochromes. . F are that the on F plamid cells Having In chromonemes

  • Tranaducton process recombination by occuring through a are the with for that phaiges in medatationsions

Iodine from what there is for Morden in gran from that staing.

capules the from parasitive are must contain such Endospore and by cell wall to

The differential graim staining by examply can and stain for gram, to.

The cocci in that non motile are gonnococuis and stophydous.

Asperagullisis for in the fungal birds and manals to cased infecting Enterotonin responisblie and is for for sectored to is. that food in poisng Lysopsoies from such that Autoysis is done to

  • A factulatiative anerobe ordinarly Anerbob but are that to with can grow an 02

  • To remain perent by for of o2 anaerobe at 0.2 precentage.

lyphoblat to make is Interferon fromd

m the to there the Pigment of bacterias struture Plasmids has. that Gonococc that can to that what by the Sterpochete has, 10

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