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Questions and Answers
Who among the following proposed a Contagium vivum as a possible cause of infections disease?
Who among the following proposed a Contagium vivum as a possible cause of infections disease?
- Robert Koch
- Varo and Columella
- Fracastorius (correct)
- Louis Pasteur
Before the late 19th century, what was believed to be the cause of sickness?
Before the late 19th century, what was believed to be the cause of sickness?
- Tiny living creatures
- Imbalance in body humor
- Bad odors
- Sins (correct)
What did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek contribute to the field of microbiology?
What did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek contribute to the field of microbiology?
- Identified bacteria for the first time
- Discovered penicillin
- Proposed the germ theory of disease
- Developed the first microscope (correct)
Which scientist suggested that each disease was caused by a separate agent?
Which scientist suggested that each disease was caused by a separate agent?
What did Varo and Columella postulate as the cause of diseases in the first century BC?
What did Varo and Columella postulate as the cause of diseases in the first century BC?
What were diseases thought to be caused by before the late 19th century?
What were diseases thought to be caused by before the late 19th century?
Who is considered to be the father of antiseptic surgery?
Who is considered to be the father of antiseptic surgery?
Which scientist discovered the antibiotic penicillin?
Which scientist discovered the antibiotic penicillin?
Who developed the first vaccine, the smallpox vaccine?
Who developed the first vaccine, the smallpox vaccine?
Which scientist was the founder of the electron microscope?
Which scientist was the founder of the electron microscope?
Who discovered polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
Who discovered polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
'Gram stain' was developed by which microbiologist?
'Gram stain' was developed by which microbiologist?
What did Louis Pasteur's experiments involving goosenecked flasks prove?
What did Louis Pasteur's experiments involving goosenecked flasks prove?
What was a major contribution of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch to microbiology?
What was a major contribution of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch to microbiology?
What was the significance of the Golden Age of microbiology?
What was the significance of the Golden Age of microbiology?
What was Louis Pasteur's role in disproving spontaneous generation?
What was Louis Pasteur's role in disproving spontaneous generation?
What conclusion did Louis Pasteur reach about microorganisms?
What conclusion did Louis Pasteur reach about microorganisms?
What did Louis Pasteur find out about fermentation during his experiments?
What did Louis Pasteur find out about fermentation during his experiments?
Who is known as the Father of Antiseptic surgery?
Who is known as the Father of Antiseptic surgery?
Which English physician was the first to prevent smallpox through vaccination?
Which English physician was the first to prevent smallpox through vaccination?
What method did Joseph Lister devise to destroy microorganisms in the operation theatre?
What method did Joseph Lister devise to destroy microorganisms in the operation theatre?
Which term is used to describe the process Edward Jenner used to protect people from smallpox?
Which term is used to describe the process Edward Jenner used to protect people from smallpox?
What was the relationship between cowpox and smallpox as discovered by Edward Jenner?
What was the relationship between cowpox and smallpox as discovered by Edward Jenner?
When did Edward Jenner prove that inoculating with pus from cowpox lesions provided protection against smallpox?
When did Edward Jenner prove that inoculating with pus from cowpox lesions provided protection against smallpox?
Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1939 for the discovery of the first sulpha drug?
Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1939 for the discovery of the first sulpha drug?
Which French scientists showed that Prontosil breaks down into sulfanilamide within the body?
Which French scientists showed that Prontosil breaks down into sulfanilamide within the body?
Who discovered the 'wonder drug' penicillin in 1929?
Who discovered the 'wonder drug' penicillin in 1929?
How were antibiotics discovered in the 1920s?
How were antibiotics discovered in the 1920s?
What did Sir Alexander Fleming discover was responsible for the antibacterial action seen in a Petri dish culture?
What did Sir Alexander Fleming discover was responsible for the antibacterial action seen in a Petri dish culture?
What was the first antibiotic discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming?
What was the first antibiotic discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming?
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Study Notes
History of Microbiology
- Until the late 19th century, people believed that life could form spontaneously and that diseases were caused by bad odors or sins.
- Opinions about disease causes differed between cultures and societies, with treatments ranging from removing bad smells to prayer and rituals.
- The concept of contagion was known, but attributed to bad odors or spirits rather than tiny living creatures.
Early Contributors
- Varo and Columella (1st century BC) proposed that diseases were caused by invisible beings (Animalia minuta) inhaled or ingested.
- Fracastorius of Verona (1546) proposed a Contagium vivum as a possible cause of infectious diseases.
- Von Plenciz (1762) suggested that each disease was caused by a separate agent.
Important Contributors in Microbiology
- Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
- Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
- Robert Koch (1843-1910)
- Joseph Lister introduced aseptic techniques for controlling microbes using physical and chemical agents.
Development of Vaccines
- Vaccination was discovered before germ theory, but wasn't fully understood until Pasteur's time.
- Edward Jenner used pus from cowpox scabs to vaccinate people against smallpox in 1796.
Other Important Contributors in Microbiology
- Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek: Discovered single-lens microscope and named organisms as 'Little animalcules'.
- Edward Jenner: Developed the first vaccine of the world, the smallpox vaccine using the cowpox virus.
- Joseph Lister: Father of antiseptic surgery, used carbolic acid during surgery.
- Hans Christian Gram: Developed the Gram stain.
- Ernst Ruska: Founder of the electron microscope.
- Alexander Fleming: Discovered the antibiotic penicillin.
- Elie Metchnikoff: Described phagocytosis and termed phagocytes.
- Kleinberger: Described the existence of L forms of bacteria.
- Barbara McClintock: Described transposons.
- Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger: Developed the method of DNA sequencing in 1977.
- Karry B Mullis: Discovered polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
The Golden Age of Microbiology
- Began with the work of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch, who had their own research institutes.
- Pasteur proved that microorganisms are not spontaneously generated from inanimate matter but arise from other microorganisms.
- Pasteur also found that fermentation of fruits and grains, resulting in alcohol, was brought about by microbes.
- He determined that bacteria were responsible for the spoilage of wine during fermentation.
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