Podcast
Questions and Answers
Who among the following proposed a Contagium vivum as a possible cause of infections disease?
Who among the following proposed a Contagium vivum as a possible cause of infections disease?
Before the late 19th century, what was believed to be the cause of sickness?
Before the late 19th century, what was believed to be the cause of sickness?
What did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek contribute to the field of microbiology?
What did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek contribute to the field of microbiology?
Which scientist suggested that each disease was caused by a separate agent?
Which scientist suggested that each disease was caused by a separate agent?
Signup and view all the answers
What did Varo and Columella postulate as the cause of diseases in the first century BC?
What did Varo and Columella postulate as the cause of diseases in the first century BC?
Signup and view all the answers
What were diseases thought to be caused by before the late 19th century?
What were diseases thought to be caused by before the late 19th century?
Signup and view all the answers
Who is considered to be the father of antiseptic surgery?
Who is considered to be the father of antiseptic surgery?
Signup and view all the answers
Which scientist discovered the antibiotic penicillin?
Which scientist discovered the antibiotic penicillin?
Signup and view all the answers
Who developed the first vaccine, the smallpox vaccine?
Who developed the first vaccine, the smallpox vaccine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which scientist was the founder of the electron microscope?
Which scientist was the founder of the electron microscope?
Signup and view all the answers
Who discovered polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
Who discovered polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
Signup and view all the answers
'Gram stain' was developed by which microbiologist?
'Gram stain' was developed by which microbiologist?
Signup and view all the answers
What did Louis Pasteur's experiments involving goosenecked flasks prove?
What did Louis Pasteur's experiments involving goosenecked flasks prove?
Signup and view all the answers
What was a major contribution of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch to microbiology?
What was a major contribution of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch to microbiology?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the significance of the Golden Age of microbiology?
What was the significance of the Golden Age of microbiology?
Signup and view all the answers
What was Louis Pasteur's role in disproving spontaneous generation?
What was Louis Pasteur's role in disproving spontaneous generation?
Signup and view all the answers
What conclusion did Louis Pasteur reach about microorganisms?
What conclusion did Louis Pasteur reach about microorganisms?
Signup and view all the answers
What did Louis Pasteur find out about fermentation during his experiments?
What did Louis Pasteur find out about fermentation during his experiments?
Signup and view all the answers
Who is known as the Father of Antiseptic surgery?
Who is known as the Father of Antiseptic surgery?
Signup and view all the answers
Which English physician was the first to prevent smallpox through vaccination?
Which English physician was the first to prevent smallpox through vaccination?
Signup and view all the answers
What method did Joseph Lister devise to destroy microorganisms in the operation theatre?
What method did Joseph Lister devise to destroy microorganisms in the operation theatre?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term is used to describe the process Edward Jenner used to protect people from smallpox?
Which term is used to describe the process Edward Jenner used to protect people from smallpox?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the relationship between cowpox and smallpox as discovered by Edward Jenner?
What was the relationship between cowpox and smallpox as discovered by Edward Jenner?
Signup and view all the answers
When did Edward Jenner prove that inoculating with pus from cowpox lesions provided protection against smallpox?
When did Edward Jenner prove that inoculating with pus from cowpox lesions provided protection against smallpox?
Signup and view all the answers
Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1939 for the discovery of the first sulpha drug?
Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1939 for the discovery of the first sulpha drug?
Signup and view all the answers
Which French scientists showed that Prontosil breaks down into sulfanilamide within the body?
Which French scientists showed that Prontosil breaks down into sulfanilamide within the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Who discovered the 'wonder drug' penicillin in 1929?
Who discovered the 'wonder drug' penicillin in 1929?
Signup and view all the answers
How were antibiotics discovered in the 1920s?
How were antibiotics discovered in the 1920s?
Signup and view all the answers
What did Sir Alexander Fleming discover was responsible for the antibacterial action seen in a Petri dish culture?
What did Sir Alexander Fleming discover was responsible for the antibacterial action seen in a Petri dish culture?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the first antibiotic discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming?
What was the first antibiotic discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
History of Microbiology
- Until the late 19th century, people believed that life could form spontaneously and that diseases were caused by bad odors or sins.
- Opinions about disease causes differed between cultures and societies, with treatments ranging from removing bad smells to prayer and rituals.
- The concept of contagion was known, but attributed to bad odors or spirits rather than tiny living creatures.
Early Contributors
- Varo and Columella (1st century BC) proposed that diseases were caused by invisible beings (Animalia minuta) inhaled or ingested.
- Fracastorius of Verona (1546) proposed a Contagium vivum as a possible cause of infectious diseases.
- Von Plenciz (1762) suggested that each disease was caused by a separate agent.
Important Contributors in Microbiology
- Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
- Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
- Robert Koch (1843-1910)
- Joseph Lister introduced aseptic techniques for controlling microbes using physical and chemical agents.
Development of Vaccines
- Vaccination was discovered before germ theory, but wasn't fully understood until Pasteur's time.
- Edward Jenner used pus from cowpox scabs to vaccinate people against smallpox in 1796.
Other Important Contributors in Microbiology
- Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek: Discovered single-lens microscope and named organisms as 'Little animalcules'.
- Edward Jenner: Developed the first vaccine of the world, the smallpox vaccine using the cowpox virus.
- Joseph Lister: Father of antiseptic surgery, used carbolic acid during surgery.
- Hans Christian Gram: Developed the Gram stain.
- Ernst Ruska: Founder of the electron microscope.
- Alexander Fleming: Discovered the antibiotic penicillin.
- Elie Metchnikoff: Described phagocytosis and termed phagocytes.
- Kleinberger: Described the existence of L forms of bacteria.
- Barbara McClintock: Described transposons.
- Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger: Developed the method of DNA sequencing in 1977.
- Karry B Mullis: Discovered polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
The Golden Age of Microbiology
- Began with the work of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch, who had their own research institutes.
- Pasteur proved that microorganisms are not spontaneously generated from inanimate matter but arise from other microorganisms.
- Pasteur also found that fermentation of fruits and grains, resulting in alcohol, was brought about by microbes.
- He determined that bacteria were responsible for the spoilage of wine during fermentation.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Explore the history of microbiology and learn about the contributors who shaped this field. Discover how our understanding of tiny living organisms and their impact on human lives has evolved since the late 19th century.