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History of Management Chapter 2
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History of Management Chapter 2

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Questions and Answers

Who is considered the 'Father' of scientific management?

Frederick Winslow Taylor

The construction of a single pyramid occupied more than __________ workers for 20 years.

100,000

What did Adam Smith's 'The Wealth of Nations' discuss?

  • Scientific Management principles
  • Job Specialization (correct)
  • Division of Labor (correct)
  • Economic advantages of management
  • What was a key feature of management during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>Machine power substituted human power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following theorists with their respective contributions:

    <p>Frederick Winslow Taylor = Scientific Management Henry Fayol = General Administrative Theory Max Weber = Bureaucracy Hawthorne = Behavioral Approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Quantitative Approach focuses solely on qualitative techniques.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of authority according to Fayol's principles?

    <p>Managers must be able to give orders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle of management states that every employee should receive orders from only one superior?

    <p>Unity of command</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Total Quality Management (TQM) focus on?

    <p>Continual improvement and responding to customer needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Management History

    • Management has existed for thousands of years, with evidence of large-scale projects like the Egyptian pyramids, the Great Wall of China, and the city of Venice.
    • These projects required coordination and management of numerous people, resources, and tasks.

    Job Specialization

    • Adam Smith's "The Wealth of Nations" (1776) introduced the concept of job specialization, also known as division of labor.
    • Job specialization increases productivity by breaking down jobs into narrow, repetitive tasks, increasing worker skill and dexterity, and saving time lost in changing tasks.

    Industrial Revolution

    • The Industrial Revolution started in the late 18th century, substituting machine power for human power.
    • Factories became more economical, requiring "managers" to forecast demand, ensure supplies, assign tasks, and direct daily activities.

    Classical Approach (1911-1947)

    1.1 Scientific Management

    • Frederick Winslow Taylor, "Father of Scientific Management," aimed to develop the "one best way" for a job to be done.
    • Taylor used microchronometers to detect and eliminate wasted motion, increasing productivity by putting the right person on the job with the correct tools and equipment.

    1.2 General Administrative Theory

    • Henry Fayol focused on the activities of all managers, developing 14 principles of management applicable to all organizational situations.
    • Fayol's principles include division of work, authority, discipline, unity of command, and unity of direction, among others.

    1.3 Bureaucracy

    • Max Weber, a German sociologist, studied and developed a theory of authority structures, calling the ideal type of organization a "bureaucracy."
    • Weber's bureaucracy is characterized by division of labor, clearly defined hierarchy, detailed rules and regulations, and impersonal relationships.

    Behavioral Approach (Late 1700s-1950s)

    • This approach focuses on the actions (behavior) of people at work, also known as organizational behavior (OB).
    • The Hawthorne Studies showed that group pressure, acceptance, and security have a greater impact on individual work behavior than incentive plans.

    Quantitative Approach (1940s-1950s)

    • This approach uses quantitative techniques to improve decision making, applying statistics, optimization models, computer simulations, and other quantitative techniques to management activities.
    • The airline industry's "reverse pyramid" boarding process is an example of a quantitative approach, saving at least 2 minutes in boarding time.
    • Total quality management (TQM) is a management philosophy devoted to continual improvement and responding to customer needs and expectations.

    Contemporary Approach (1960s-Present)

    • This approach shifts focus from internal concerns to the external environment outside the organization.
    • Two contemporary management perspectives are part of this approach: systems and contingency.
    • A system is a set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged to produce a unified whole, with closed and open systems being distinct.
    • The contingency approach, also known as situational approach, recognizes that organizations face different situations and require different ways of managing, using an "if, then" approach.

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    Description

    Explore the history of management from ancient civilizations, including the construction of the Egyptian pyramids, to understand the evolution of management practices.

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